United States 119th Congress Status: Passed House 84 R cosponsors

HR 28 — Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025

Last action — Received in the Senate.

  1. ✓
    Introduced
  2. ✓
    In Committee
  3. 3
    Passed House
  4. 4
    Passed Senate
  5. 5
    To Executive
  6. 6
    Enacted

This bill has passed the House. Introduced January 03, 2025. It now moves to the second chamber.

Next likely step: consideration and a floor vote in the Senate.

Odds of enactment

Moderate chance

Based on the sponsor, cosponsors, and committee posture, this bill has a moderate chance of becoming law.

Upgrade to see the exact probability and what's driving it.

A statistical estimate from our own model of past outcomes — an insight, not a guarantee. Policymaking is volatile.

Prognosis

Advancing 42% · moderate confidence

  • Passed House

    Current position in the legislative process.

  • 84 sponsors

    1 primary, 83 co-sponsors signed on.

  • Single-party support

    Sponsorship is currently within one party (84 R).

  • Mixed recorded votes

    1 passed, 1 failed in recorded votes so far.

Based on stage, sponsorship breadth, committee status, recorded votes, and cross-state momentum — a description of the observable signals, not a prediction.

Summary

The Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025 aims to ensure that only women and girls can compete in female sports categories. This legislation is designed to protect the fairness and safety of female athletes in athletic competitions.

Bill Text

What changed in the latest version

26 added · 41 removed

Plain-language change summary

The amendment adds specific requirements for a study to be conducted by the Comptroller General. This study will assess the negative impacts on girls from allowing males to participate in girls' sports, including issues such as psychological effects, participation loss, and opportunities for scholarships or admissions. The results of this study must be reported to certain congressional committees.

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28 Introduced in House (IH)] <DOC> 119th CONGRESS 1st Session H.
28 Engrossed in House (EH)] <DOC> 119th CONGRESS 1st Session H.
28 To amend the Education Amendments of 1972 to provide that for purposes of determining compliance with title IX of such Act in athletics, sex shall be recognized based solely on a person's reproductive biology and genetics at birth.
28 _______________________________________________________________________ AN ACT To amend the Education Amendments of 1972 to provide that for purposes of determining compliance with title IX of such Act in athletics, sex shall be recognized based solely on a person's reproductive biology and genetics at birth.
_______________________________________________________________________ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES January 3, 2025 Mr.
Steube (for himself, Mr.
Walberg, Mr.
Estes, Mrs.
Houchin, Mr.
Finstad, Mr.
Higgins of Louisiana, Mr.
Fulcher, Ms.
Mace, Mr.
Ogles, Ms.
Hageman, Mr.
Bilirakis, Mr.
Crenshaw, Mr.
Gooden, Mr.
Meuser, Mr.
Johnson of South Dakota, Mr.
Brecheen, Mr.
Stauber, Mr.
Owens, Mr.
Ciscomani, Ms.
Foxx, Mr.
Ezell, Mr.
Weber of Texas, Mrs.
Cammack, Mr.
Self, Mr.
Biggs of Arizona, Mr.
Babin, Mr.
Nehls, Mr.
Fleischmann, Mr.
Kustoff, Mr.
Bost, Mr.
Fitzgerald, Mr.
McCormick, Mr.
Aderholt, Mr.
Guest, Mr.
Feenstra, Mr.
Webster of Florida, Mr.
Davidson, Mr.
Show all 71 changed rows (31 more)
Previous
Latest
Ellzey, Mr.
Austin Scott of Georgia, Mr.
Bean of Florida, Mr.
Green of Tennessee, Mr.
Zinke, Mr.
Arrington, Mr.
Smith of New Jersey, Mr.
Comer, Mr.
Hudson, Mrs.
Miller of Illinois, Mrs.
Miller of West Virginia, Mr.
Huizenga, Mr.
Moore of West Virginia, Mrs.
Biggs of South Carolina, Mr.
Crank, Mr.
Buchanan, Mr.
Scott Franklin of Florida, Ms.
De La Cruz, Mr.
Smith of Missouri, and Mr.
Burlison) introduced the following bill;
which was referred to the Committee on Education and Workforce _______________________________________________________________________ A BILL To amend the Education Amendments of 1972 to provide that for purposes of determining compliance with title IX of such Act in athletics, sex shall be recognized based solely on a person's reproductive biology and genetics at birth.
``(d)(1) It shall be a violation of subsection (a) for a recipient of Federal financial assistance who operates, sponsors, or facilitates an athletic program or activity to permit a person whose sex is male to participate in an athletic program or activity that is designated for women or girls.
``(d)(1) It shall be a violation of subsection (a) for a recipient of Federal financial assistance who operates, sponsors, or facilitates athletic programs or activities to permit a person whose sex is male to participate in an athletic program or activity that is designated for women or girls.
``(5) The Comptroller General shall carry out a study to determine the meaning of the phrase `any other benefit' as used in paragraph (4) by looking at benefits to women or girls of participating in single sex sports that would be lost by allowing males to participate.
``(e) The Comptroller General shall carry out a study to determine the meaning of the phrase `any other benefit' as used in subsection (d)(4) by looking at benefits to women or girls of participating in single sex sports that would be lost by allowing males to participate.
The study shall document the adverse psychological, developmental, participatory, and sociological results to girls of allowing males to compete, be members of a sports team, or participants in athletic programs, that are designed for girls, including displacement or discouragement from sports participation, deprivation of a roster spot on a team or sport, loss of the opportunity to participate in a practice or competition, loss of a scholarship or scholarship opportunities, loss or displacement of admission to an educational institution, deprivation of the benefit of an environment free of hostility based on sexual assault or harassment, or loss of any other benefit that accompanies participating in the athletics program or activity.
The study shall document the adverse psychological, developmental, participatory, and sociological results to girls of allowing males to compete, be members of a sports team, or participants in athletic programs, that are designed for girls, including displacement or discouragement from sports participation, deprivation of a roster spot on a team or sport, loss of the opportunity to participate in a practice or competition, loss of a scholarship or scholarship opportunities, loss or displacement of admission to an educational institution, deprivation of the benefit of an environment free of hostility based on sexual assault or harassment, or any other benefit that accompanies participating in the athletics program or activity.
Further, the Comptroller General shall submit to the Committee on Education and Workforce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate a report that contains the results of such study.''.
Further, the Comptroller General shall submit to the Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate a report that contains the results of such study.''.
<all>
Passed the House of Representatives January 14, 2025.
Attest:
Clerk.
119th CONGRESS 1st Session H.
R.
28 _______________________________________________________________________ AN ACT To amend the Education Amendments of 1972 to provide that for purposes of determining compliance with title IX of such Act in athletics, sex shall be recognized based solely on a person's reproductive biology and genetics at birth.
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How this bill changes current law

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Compared against current U.S. Code AI-generated reading aid — verify against the official bill.

The bill amends existing law to define sex for the purposes of Title IX compliance in athletics based solely on reproductive biology and genetics at birth.

  • 20 U.S.C. 1681

    (d)(1) It shall be a violation of subsection (a) for a recipient of Federal financial assistance who operates, sponsors, or facilitates athletic programs or activities to permit a person whose sex is male to participate in an athletic program or activity that is designated for women or girls.

    This establishes a prohibition against males participating in women's or girls' athletic programs.

  • 20 U.S.C. 1681

    (2) For the purposes of this subsection, sex shall be recognized based solely on a person's reproductive biology and genetics at birth.

    This clarifies that sex will be determined only by biological characteristics at birth.

  • 20 U.S.C. 1681

    (3) For the purposes of this subsection, the term `athletic programs and activities' includes, but is not limited to, all programs or activities that are provided conditional upon participation with any athletic team.

    This broadens the definition of athletic programs and activities to include all team-related programs.

  • 20 U.S.C. 1681

    (4) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit a recipient from permitting males to train or practice with an athletic program or activity that is designated for women or girls so long as no female is deprived of a roster spot on a team or sport, opportunity to participate in a practice or competition, scholarship, admission to an educational institution, or any other benefit that accompanies participating in the athletic program or activity.

    This allows males to practice with female teams as long as it does not negatively impact female athletes' opportunities.

  • 20 U.S.C. 1681

    (e) The Comptroller General shall carry out a study to determine the meaning of the phrase `any other benefit' as used in subsection (d)(4) by looking at benefits to women or girls of participating in single sex sports that would be lost by allowing males to participate.

    This mandates a study to assess the impacts on girls from allowing males to compete in women's sports.

Action History

  1. Introduced in House

  2. Introduced in House

  3. Referred to the House Committee on Education and Workforce.

  4. Considered under the provisions of rule H. Res. 5. (consideration: CR H126-138)

  5. DEBATE - The House proceeded with one hour of debate on H.R. 28.

  6. The previous question was ordered pursuant to the rule.

  7. Ms. Adams moved to recommit to the Committee on Education and Workforce. (text: CR H137)

  8. The previous question on the motion to recommit was ordered pursuant to clause 2(b) of rule XIX.

  9. POSTPONED PROCEEDINGS - At the conclusion of debate on H.R. 28, the Chair put the question on the motion to recommit and announced that the noes had prevailed. Ms. Adams demanded the yeas and nays and the Chair postponed further proceedings until a time to be announced.

  10. Considered as unfinished business. (consideration: CR H139-140)

  11. On motion to recommit Failed by the Yeas and Nays: 208 - 218 (Roll no. 11).

  12. Passed/agreed to in House: On passage Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 218 - 206, 1 Present (Roll no. 12). (text: CR H126)

  13. On passage Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 218 - 206, 1 Present (Roll no. 12). (text: CR H126)

  14. Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.

  15. Received in the Senate.

Sponsors

Sponsorship breakdown

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1 sponsors · 83 co-sponsors · 463 not signed on · 266 voted No

Sponsors (1)

Co-sponsors (83)

Not signed on (463)

463 members have not signed on to this bill.

Show all 463 →

"Not signed on" means a member has not sponsored or co-sponsored this bill — it does not imply opposition. Members flagged Voted No have a recorded No vote on this bill.

Whip count is in markup. Polling the chamber and every recorded vote this session. Only the first open is slow. It’s instant for you after this. Calling the roll · Tallying · Engrossing

Votes

On Motion to Recommit

Failed 208 Yea · 218 Nay · 8 Other
Party YeaNayPresentNot Voting
Unaffiliated 425102
Republican 016502
Democratic 165104
Independent 0100
Jackson 1000
Total 20821808
% of votes cast 48%50%0%2%
How each member voted (434)
Member Party Vote
Adams — Yea
Alford — Nay
Allen — Nay
Arrington — Nay
Bacon — Nay
Barr — Nay
Beatty — Yea
Bell — Yea
Bishop — Yea
Brown — Yea
Buchanan — Nay
Bynum — Yea
Calvert — Nay
Carey — Nay
Carson — Yea
Case — Yea
Cole — Nay
Collins — Nay
Conaway — Yea
Craig — Yea
Crane — Nay
Crawford — Nay
Crenshaw — Nay
Crockett — Yea
Davidson — Nay
Dexter — Yea
Downing — Nay
Edwards — Nay
Fields — Yea
Fitzgerald — Nay
Fitzpatrick — Nay
Fletcher — Yea
Foster — Yea
Frost — Yea
Fry — Nay
Gonzalez, V. — Yea
Graves — Nay
Gray — Yea
Green (TN) — Nay
Greene (GA) — Nay
Grijalva — Not Voting
Guthrie — Nay
Horsford — Yea
Hudson — Nay
Hunt — Nay
Jack — Nay
Jacobs — Yea
James — Nay
Kim — Nay
Latimer — Yea
Lawler — Nay
Leger Fernandez — Yea
Levin — Yea
Lucas — Nay
Mace — Nay
Mann — Nay
McBride — Yea
McClellan — Yea
McCormick — Nay
McDonald Rivet — Yea
McDowell — Nay
Menendez — Yea
Mills — Nay
Moran — Nay
Morrison — Yea
Moulton — Yea
Mullin — Yea
Murphy — Nay
Owens — Nay
Palmer — Nay
Perry — Nay
Peters — Yea
Randall — Yea
Rose — Nay
Ross — Yea
Rutherford — Nay
Ryan — Yea
Sessions — Nay
Sherman — Not Voting
Sherrill — Yea
Simpson — Nay
Stanton — Yea
Stevens — Yea
Strong — Nay
Sykes — Yea
Taylor — Nay
Tenney — Nay
Titus — Yea
Turner (TX) — Yea
Underwood — Yea
Van Drew — Nay
Van Duyne — Nay
Van Orden — Nay
Wagner — Nay
Wasserman Schultz — Yea
Aguilar, Pete Democratic Yea
Amo, Gabe Democratic Yea
Ansari, Yassamin Democratic Yea
Auchincloss, Jake Democratic Yea
Balint, Becca Democratic Yea
Barragán, Nanette Diaz Democratic Yea
Bera, Ami Democratic Yea
Beyer, Donald S. Democratic Yea
Bonamici, Suzanne Democratic Yea
Boyle, Brendan F. Democratic Yea
Brownley, Julia Democratic Yea
Budzinski, Nikki Democratic Yea
Carbajal, Salud O. Democratic Yea
Carter, Troy A. Democratic Yea
Casar, Greg Democratic Yea
Casten, Sean Democratic Yea
Castor, Kathy Democratic Yea
Castro, Joaquin Democratic Yea
Cherfilus-McCormick, Sheila Democratic Yea
Chu, Judy Democratic Yea
Cisneros, Gilbert Ray Democratic Yea
Clark, Katherine M. Democratic Yea
Clarke, Yvette D. Democratic Yea
Cleaver, Emanuel Democratic Yea
Clyburn, James E. Democratic Yea
Cohen, Steve Democratic Yea
Connolly, Gerald E. Democratic Yea
Correa, J. Luis Democratic Yea
Costa, Jim Democratic Yea
Courtney, Joe Democratic Yea
Crow, Jason Democratic Yea
Cuellar, Henry Democratic Yea
Davids, Sharice Democratic Yea
Davis, Danny K. Democratic Yea
Davis, Donald G. Democratic Yea
DeGette, Diana Democratic Yea
DeLauro, Rosa L. Democratic Yea
DeSaulnier, Mark Democratic Yea
Dean, Madeleine Democratic Yea
DelBene, Suzan K. Democratic Yea
Delaney, John K. Democratic Yea
Deluzio, Christopher R. Democratic Yea
Dingell, Debbie Democratic Yea
Doggett, Lloyd Democratic Yea
Elfreth, Sarah Democratic Yea
Escobar, Veronica Democratic Yea
Espaillat, Adriano Democratic Yea
Evans, Dwight Democratic Yea
Figures, Shomari Democratic Yea
Foushee, Valerie P. Democratic Yea
Frankel, Lois Democratic Yea
Friedman, Laura Democratic Yea
Garamendi, John Democratic Yea
Garcia, Robert Democratic Yea
Garcia, Sylvia R. Democratic Yea
García, Jesús G. "Chuy" Democratic Yea
Gillen, Laura Democratic Yea
Golden, Jared F. Democratic Yea
Goldman, Daniel S. Democratic Yea
Gomez, Jimmy Democratic Yea
Goodlander, Maggie Democratic Yea
Gottheimer, Josh Democratic Yea
Green, Al Democratic Yea
Harder, Josh Democratic Yea
Hayes, Jahana Democratic Yea
Himes, James A. Democratic Yea
Houlahan, Chrissy Democratic Yea
Hoyer, Steny H. Democratic Yea
Hoyle, Val T. Democratic Yea
Huffman, Jared Democratic Yea
Ivey, Glenn Democratic Yea
Jackson, Jonathan L. Democratic Nay
Jayapal, Pramila Democratic Yea
Jeffries, Hakeem S. Democratic Yea
Johnson, Henry C. "Hank" Democratic Yea
Johnson, Julie Democratic Yea
Kamlager-Dove, Sydney Democratic Yea
Kaptur, Marcy Democratic Yea
Keating, William R. Democratic Yea
Kelly, Robin L. Democratic Yea
Kennedy, Timothy M. Democratic Yea
Khanna, Ro Democratic Yea
Krishnamoorthi, Raja Democratic Yea
Landsman, Greg Democratic Yea
Larsen, Rick Democratic Yea
Larson, John B. Democratic Yea
Lee, Summer L. Democratic Yea
Lee, Susie Democratic Yea
Liccardo, Sam T. Democratic Yea
Lieu, Ted Democratic Yea
Lofgren, Zoe Democratic Yea
Lynch, Stephen F. Democratic Yea
Magaziner, Seth Democratic Yea
Mannion, John W. Democratic Yea
Matsui, Doris O. Democratic Yea
McBath, Lucy Democratic Yea
McCollum, Betty Democratic Yea
McGarvey, Morgan Democratic Yea
McGovern, James P. Democratic Yea
McIver, LaMonica Democratic Yea
Meeks, Gregory W. Democratic Yea
Meng, Grace Democratic Yea
Mfume, Kweisi Democratic Yea
Min, Dave Democratic Yea
Moore, Gwen Democratic Yea
Morelle, Joseph D. Democratic Yea
Moskowitz, Jared Democratic Yea
Mrvan, Frank J. Democratic Yea
Nadler, Jerrold Democratic Yea
Neal, Richard E. Democratic Yea
Neguse, Joe Democratic Yea
Norcross, Donald Democratic Yea
Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria Democratic Yea
Olszewski, Johnny Democratic Yea
Omar, Ilhan Democratic Yea
Pallone, Frank Democratic Yea
Panetta, Jimmy Democratic Yea
Pappas, Chris Democratic Yea
Pelosi, Nancy Democratic Not Voting
Perez, Marie Gluesenkamp Democratic Yea
Pettersen, Brittany Democratic Not Voting
Pingree, Chellie Democratic Yea
Pocan, Mark Democratic Yea
Pou, Nellie Democratic Yea
Pressley, Ayanna Democratic Yea
Quigley, Mike Democratic Yea
Ramirez, Delia C. Democratic Yea
Raskin, Jamie Democratic Yea
Riley, Josh Democratic Yea
Rivas, Luz M. Democratic Yea
Ruiz, Raul Democratic Yea
Salinas, Andrea Democratic Yea
Scanlon, Mary Gay Democratic Yea
Schakowsky, Janice D. Democratic Yea
Schneider, Bradley Scott Democratic Yea
Scholten, Hillary J. Democratic Yea
Schrier, Kim Democratic Yea
Scott, David Democratic Yea
Scott, Robert C. "Bobby" Democratic Yea
Sewell, Terri A. Democratic Yea
Simon, Lateefah Democratic Yea
Smith, Adam Democratic Yea
Sorensen, Eric Democratic Yea
Soto, Darren Democratic Yea
Stansbury, Melanie A. Democratic Yea
Strickland, Marilyn Democratic Yea
Subramanyam, Suhas Democratic Yea
Suozzi, Thomas R. Democratic Yea
Swalwell, Eric Democratic Not Voting
Sánchez, Linda T. Democratic Yea
Takano, Mark Democratic Yea
Thanedar, Shri Democratic Yea
Thompson, Bennie G. Democratic Yea
Thompson, Mike Democratic Yea
Tlaib, Rashida Democratic Yea
Tokuda, Jill N. Democratic Yea
Tonko, Paul Democratic Yea
Torres, Norma J. Democratic Yea
Torres, Ritchie Democratic Yea
Trahan, Lori Democratic Yea
Tran, Derek Democratic Yea
Vargas, Juan Democratic Yea
Vasquez, Gabe Democratic Yea
Veasey, Marc A. Democratic Yea
Velázquez, Nydia M. Democratic Yea
Vindman, Eugene Simon Democratic Yea
Waters, Maxine Democratic Yea
Whitesides, George Democratic Not Voting
Williams, Nikema Democratic Yea
Wilson, Frederica S. Democratic Yea
Kiley, Kevin Independent Nay
Nicholas Coleman Jackson Yea
Aderholt, Robert B. Republican Nay
Amodei, Mark E. Republican Nay
Babin, Brian Republican Nay
Baird, James R. Republican Nay
Balderson, Troy Republican Nay
Barrett, Tom Republican Nay
Baumgartner, Michael Republican Nay
Bean, Aaron Republican Nay
Begich, Nicholas J. Republican Nay
Bentz, Cliff Republican Nay
Bergman, Jack Republican Nay
Bice, Stephanie I. Republican Nay
Biggs, Andy Republican Nay
Biggs, Sheri Republican Nay
Bilirakis, Gus M. Republican Nay
Boebert, Lauren Republican Nay
Bost, Mike Republican Nay
Brecheen, Josh Republican Nay
Bresnahan, Robert P. Republican Nay
Burchett, Tim Republican Nay
Burlison, Eric Republican Nay
Cammack, Kat Republican Nay
Carter, Earl L. "Buddy" Republican Nay
Carter, John R. Republican Nay
Ciscomani, Juan Republican Nay
Cline, Ben Republican Nay
Cloud, Michael Republican Nay
Clyde, Andrew S. Republican Nay
Comer, James Republican Nay
Crank, Jeff Republican Nay
Cruz, Ted Republican Nay
DesJarlais, Scott Republican Nay
Diaz-Balart, Mario Republican Nay
Donalds, Byron Republican Nay
Dunn, Neal P. Republican Nay
Ellzey, Jake Republican Nay
Emmer, Tom Republican Nay
Estes, Ron Republican Nay
Evans, Gabe Republican Nay
Ezell, Mike Republican Nay
Fallon, Pat Republican Nay
Fedorchak, Julie Republican Nay
Feenstra, Randy Republican Nay
Finstad, Brad Republican Nay
Fischbach, Michelle Republican Nay
Fleischmann, Charles J. "Chuck" Republican Nay
Flood, Mike Republican Nay
Fong, Vince Republican Nay
Foxx, Virginia Republican Nay
Franklin, Scott Republican Nay
Fulcher, Russ Republican Nay
Garbarino, Andrew R. Republican Nay
Gill, Brandon Republican Nay
Gimenez, Carlos A. Republican Nay
Goldman, Craig A. Republican Nay
Gonzales, Tony Republican Nay
Gooden, Lance Republican Nay
Gosar, Paul A. Republican Nay
Griffith, H. Morgan Republican Nay
Grothman, Glenn Republican Nay
Guest, Michael Republican Nay
Hageman, Harriet M. Republican Nay
Hamadeh, Abraham J. Republican Nay
Haridopolos, Mike Republican Nay
Harrigan, Pat Republican Nay
Harris, Andy Republican Nay
Harris, Mark Republican Nay
Harshbarger, Diana Republican Not Voting
Hern, Kevin Republican Nay
Higgins, Clay Republican Nay
Hill, J. French Republican Nay
Hinson, Ashley Republican Nay
Houchin, Erin Republican Nay
Huizenga, Bill Republican Nay
Hurd, Jeff Republican Nay
Issa, Darrell Republican Nay
Jackson, Ronny Republican Nay
Johnson, Dusty Republican Nay
Johnson, Mike Republican Nay
Jordan, Jim Republican Nay
Joyce, David P. Republican Nay
Joyce, John Republican Nay
Kean, Thomas H. Republican Nay
Kelly, Mike Republican Nay
Kelly, Trent Republican Nay
Kennedy, Mike Republican Nay
Kiggans, Jennifer A. Republican Nay
Knott, Brad Republican Nay
Kustoff, David Republican Nay
LaHood, Darin Republican Nay
LaLota, Nick Republican Nay
LaMalfa, Doug Republican Nay
Langworthy, Nicholas A. Republican Nay
Latta, Robert E. Republican Nay
Lee, Laurel M. Republican Nay
Letlow, Julia Republican Nay
Loudermilk, Barry Republican Nay
Luna, Anna Paulina Republican Nay
Luttrell, Morgan Republican Nay
Mackenzie, Ryan Republican Nay
Malliotakis, Nicole Republican Nay
Maloy, Celeste Republican Nay
Massie, Thomas Republican Nay
Mast, Brian J. Republican Nay
McCaul, Michael T. Republican Nay
McClain, Lisa C. Republican Not Voting
McClintock, Tom Republican Nay
McGuire, John J. Republican Nay
Messmer, Mark B. Republican Nay
Meuser, Daniel Republican Nay
Miller, Carol D. Republican Nay
Miller, Mary E. Republican Nay
Miller, Max L. Republican Nay
Miller-Meeks, Mariannette Republican Nay
Moolenaar, John R. Republican Nay
Moore, Barry Republican Nay
Moore, Blake D. Republican Nay
Moore, Riley M. Republican Nay
Moore, Tim Republican Nay
Nehls, Troy E. Republican Nay
Newhouse, Dan Republican Nay
Norman, Ralph Republican Nay
Nunn, Zachary Republican Nay
Obernolte, Jay Republican Nay
Ogles, Andrew Republican Nay
Onder, Robert F. Republican Nay
Pfluger, August Republican Nay
Reschenthaler, Guy Republican Nay
Rogers, Harold Republican Nay
Rogers, Mike D. Republican Nay
Rouzer, David Republican Nay
Roy, Chip Republican Nay
Rulli, Michael A. Republican Nay
Salazar, Maria Elvira Republican Nay
Scalise, Steve Republican Nay
Schmidt, Derek Republican Nay
Schweikert, David Republican Nay
Scott, Austin Republican Nay
Self, Keith Republican Nay
Shreve, Jefferson Republican Nay
Smith, Adrian Republican Nay
Smith, Christopher H. Republican Nay
Smith, Jason Republican Nay
Smucker, Lloyd Republican Nay
Spartz, Victoria Republican Nay
Stauber, Pete Republican Nay
Stefanik, Elise M. Republican Nay
Steil, Bryan Republican Nay
Steube, W. Gregory Republican Nay
Stutzman, Marlin A. Republican Nay
Thompson, Glenn Republican Nay
Tiffany, Thomas P. Republican Nay
Timmons, William R. Republican Nay
Turner, Michael R. Republican Nay
Valadao, David G. Republican Nay
Walberg, Tim Republican Nay
Waltz, Michael Republican Nay
Weber, Randy K. Sr. Republican Nay
Webster, Daniel Republican Nay
Westerman, Bruce Republican Nay
Wied, Tony Republican Nay
Williams, Roger Republican Nay
Wilson, Joe Republican Nay
Wittman, Robert J. Republican Nay
Womack, Steve Republican Nay
Yakym, Rudy Republican Nay
Zinke, Ryan K. Republican Nay

On Passage

Passed 218 Yea · 206 Nay · 10 Other
Party YeaNayPresentNot Voting
Unaffiliated 524102
Republican 164003
Democratic 116405
Independent 1000
Jackson 0100
Total 218206010
% of votes cast 50%47%0%2%
How each member voted (434)
Member Party Vote
Adams — Nay
Alford — Yea
Allen — Yea
Arrington — Yea
Bacon — Yea
Barr — Yea
Beatty — Nay
Bell — Nay
Bishop — Nay
Brown — Nay
Buchanan — Yea
Bynum — Nay
Calvert — Yea
Carey — Yea
Carson — Nay
Case — Nay
Cole — Yea
Collins — Yea
Conaway — Nay
Craig — Nay
Crane — Yea
Crawford — Yea
Crenshaw — Yea
Crockett — Nay
Davidson — Yea
Dexter — Nay
Downing — Yea
Edwards — Yea
Fields — Nay
Fitzgerald — Yea
Fitzpatrick — Yea
Fletcher — Nay
Foster — Nay
Frost — Nay
Fry — Yea
Gonzalez, V. — Yea
Graves — Yea
Gray — Nay
Green (TN) — Yea
Greene (GA) — Yea
Grijalva — Not Voting
Guthrie — Yea
Horsford — Nay
Hudson — Yea
Hunt — Yea
Jack — Yea
Jacobs — Nay
James — Yea
Kim — Yea
Latimer — Nay
Lawler — Yea
Leger Fernandez — Nay
Levin — Nay
Lucas — Yea
Mace — Yea
Mann — Yea
McBride — Nay
McClellan — Nay
McCormick — Yea
McDonald Rivet — Nay
McDowell — Yea
Menendez — Nay
Mills — Yea
Moran — Yea
Morrison — Nay
Moulton — Nay
Mullin — Nay
Murphy — Yea
Owens — Yea
Palmer — Yea
Perry — Yea
Peters — Nay
Randall — Nay
Rose — Yea
Ross — Nay
Rutherford — Yea
Ryan — Nay
Sessions — Yea
Sherman — Not Voting
Sherrill — Nay
Simpson — Yea
Stanton — Nay
Stevens — Nay
Strong — Yea
Sykes — Nay
Taylor — Yea
Tenney — Yea
Titus — Nay
Turner (TX) — Nay
Underwood — Nay
Van Drew — Yea
Van Duyne — Yea
Van Orden — Yea
Wagner — Yea
Wasserman Schultz — Nay
Aguilar, Pete Democratic Nay
Amo, Gabe Democratic Nay
Ansari, Yassamin Democratic Nay
Auchincloss, Jake Democratic Nay
Balint, Becca Democratic Nay
Barragán, Nanette Diaz Democratic Nay
Bera, Ami Democratic Nay
Beyer, Donald S. Democratic Nay
Bonamici, Suzanne Democratic Nay
Boyle, Brendan F. Democratic Nay
Brownley, Julia Democratic Nay
Budzinski, Nikki Democratic Nay
Carbajal, Salud O. Democratic Nay
Carter, Troy A. Democratic Nay
Casar, Greg Democratic Nay
Casten, Sean Democratic Nay
Castor, Kathy Democratic Nay
Castro, Joaquin Democratic Nay
Cherfilus-McCormick, Sheila Democratic Nay
Chu, Judy Democratic Nay
Cisneros, Gilbert Ray Democratic Nay
Clark, Katherine M. Democratic Nay
Clarke, Yvette D. Democratic Nay
Cleaver, Emanuel Democratic Nay
Clyburn, James E. Democratic Nay
Cohen, Steve Democratic Nay
Connolly, Gerald E. Democratic Nay
Correa, J. Luis Democratic Nay
Costa, Jim Democratic Nay
Courtney, Joe Democratic Nay
Crow, Jason Democratic Nay
Cuellar, Henry Democratic Yea
Davids, Sharice Democratic Nay
Davis, Danny K. Democratic Nay
Davis, Donald G. Democratic Not Voting
DeGette, Diana Democratic Nay
DeLauro, Rosa L. Democratic Nay
DeSaulnier, Mark Democratic Nay
Dean, Madeleine Democratic Nay
DelBene, Suzan K. Democratic Nay
Delaney, John K. Democratic Nay
Deluzio, Christopher R. Democratic Nay
Dingell, Debbie Democratic Nay
Doggett, Lloyd Democratic Nay
Elfreth, Sarah Democratic Nay
Escobar, Veronica Democratic Nay
Espaillat, Adriano Democratic Nay
Evans, Dwight Democratic Nay
Figures, Shomari Democratic Nay
Foushee, Valerie P. Democratic Nay
Frankel, Lois Democratic Nay
Friedman, Laura Democratic Nay
Garamendi, John Democratic Nay
Garcia, Robert Democratic Nay
Garcia, Sylvia R. Democratic Nay
García, Jesús G. "Chuy" Democratic Nay
Gillen, Laura Democratic Nay
Golden, Jared F. Democratic Nay
Goldman, Daniel S. Democratic Nay
Gomez, Jimmy Democratic Nay
Goodlander, Maggie Democratic Nay
Gottheimer, Josh Democratic Nay
Green, Al Democratic Nay
Harder, Josh Democratic Nay
Hayes, Jahana Democratic Nay
Himes, James A. Democratic Nay
Houlahan, Chrissy Democratic Nay
Hoyer, Steny H. Democratic Nay
Hoyle, Val T. Democratic Nay
Huffman, Jared Democratic Nay
Ivey, Glenn Democratic Nay
Jackson, Jonathan L. Democratic Nay
Jayapal, Pramila Democratic Nay
Jeffries, Hakeem S. Democratic Nay
Johnson, Henry C. "Hank" Democratic Nay
Johnson, Julie Democratic Nay
Kamlager-Dove, Sydney Democratic Nay
Kaptur, Marcy Democratic Nay
Keating, William R. Democratic Nay
Kelly, Robin L. Democratic Nay
Kennedy, Timothy M. Democratic Nay
Khanna, Ro Democratic Nay
Krishnamoorthi, Raja Democratic Nay
Landsman, Greg Democratic Nay
Larsen, Rick Democratic Nay
Larson, John B. Democratic Nay
Lee, Summer L. Democratic Nay
Lee, Susie Democratic Nay
Liccardo, Sam T. Democratic Nay
Lieu, Ted Democratic Nay
Lofgren, Zoe Democratic Nay
Lynch, Stephen F. Democratic Nay
Magaziner, Seth Democratic Nay
Mannion, John W. Democratic Nay
Matsui, Doris O. Democratic Nay
McBath, Lucy Democratic Nay
McCollum, Betty Democratic Nay
McGarvey, Morgan Democratic Nay
McGovern, James P. Democratic Nay
McIver, LaMonica Democratic Nay
Meeks, Gregory W. Democratic Nay
Meng, Grace Democratic Nay
Mfume, Kweisi Democratic Nay
Min, Dave Democratic Nay
Moore, Gwen Democratic Nay
Morelle, Joseph D. Democratic Nay
Moskowitz, Jared Democratic Nay
Mrvan, Frank J. Democratic Nay
Nadler, Jerrold Democratic Nay
Neal, Richard E. Democratic Nay
Neguse, Joe Democratic Nay
Norcross, Donald Democratic Nay
Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria Democratic Nay
Olszewski, Johnny Democratic Nay
Omar, Ilhan Democratic Nay
Pallone, Frank Democratic Nay
Panetta, Jimmy Democratic Nay
Pappas, Chris Democratic Nay
Pelosi, Nancy Democratic Not Voting
Perez, Marie Gluesenkamp Democratic Nay
Pettersen, Brittany Democratic Not Voting
Pingree, Chellie Democratic Nay
Pocan, Mark Democratic Nay
Pou, Nellie Democratic Nay
Pressley, Ayanna Democratic Nay
Quigley, Mike Democratic Nay
Ramirez, Delia C. Democratic Nay
Raskin, Jamie Democratic Nay
Riley, Josh Democratic Nay
Rivas, Luz M. Democratic Nay
Ruiz, Raul Democratic Nay
Salinas, Andrea Democratic Nay
Scanlon, Mary Gay Democratic Nay
Schakowsky, Janice D. Democratic Nay
Schneider, Bradley Scott Democratic Nay
Scholten, Hillary J. Democratic Nay
Schrier, Kim Democratic Nay
Scott, David Democratic Nay
Scott, Robert C. "Bobby" Democratic Nay
Sewell, Terri A. Democratic Nay
Simon, Lateefah Democratic Nay
Smith, Adam Democratic Nay
Sorensen, Eric Democratic Nay
Soto, Darren Democratic Nay
Stansbury, Melanie A. Democratic Nay
Strickland, Marilyn Democratic Nay
Subramanyam, Suhas Democratic Nay
Suozzi, Thomas R. Democratic Nay
Swalwell, Eric Democratic Not Voting
Sánchez, Linda T. Democratic Nay
Takano, Mark Democratic Nay
Thanedar, Shri Democratic Nay
Thompson, Bennie G. Democratic Nay
Thompson, Mike Democratic Nay
Tlaib, Rashida Democratic Nay
Tokuda, Jill N. Democratic Nay
Tonko, Paul Democratic Nay
Torres, Norma J. Democratic Nay
Torres, Ritchie Democratic Nay
Trahan, Lori Democratic Nay
Tran, Derek Democratic Nay
Vargas, Juan Democratic Nay
Vasquez, Gabe Democratic Nay
Veasey, Marc A. Democratic Nay
Velázquez, Nydia M. Democratic Nay
Vindman, Eugene Simon Democratic Nay
Waters, Maxine Democratic Nay
Whitesides, George Democratic Not Voting
Williams, Nikema Democratic Nay
Wilson, Frederica S. Democratic Nay
Kiley, Kevin Independent Yea
Nicholas Coleman Jackson Nay
Aderholt, Robert B. Republican Yea
Amodei, Mark E. Republican Yea
Babin, Brian Republican Yea
Baird, James R. Republican Yea
Balderson, Troy Republican Yea
Barrett, Tom Republican Yea
Baumgartner, Michael Republican Yea
Bean, Aaron Republican Yea
Begich, Nicholas J. Republican Yea
Bentz, Cliff Republican Yea
Bergman, Jack Republican Yea
Bice, Stephanie I. Republican Yea
Biggs, Andy Republican Yea
Biggs, Sheri Republican Yea
Bilirakis, Gus M. Republican Yea
Boebert, Lauren Republican Yea
Bost, Mike Republican Yea
Brecheen, Josh Republican Yea
Bresnahan, Robert P. Republican Yea
Burchett, Tim Republican Yea
Burlison, Eric Republican Yea
Cammack, Kat Republican Yea
Carter, Earl L. "Buddy" Republican Yea
Carter, John R. Republican Yea
Ciscomani, Juan Republican Yea
Cline, Ben Republican Yea
Cloud, Michael Republican Yea
Clyde, Andrew S. Republican Yea
Comer, James Republican Yea
Crank, Jeff Republican Yea
Cruz, Ted Republican Yea
DesJarlais, Scott Republican Yea
Diaz-Balart, Mario Republican Yea
Donalds, Byron Republican Yea
Dunn, Neal P. Republican Yea
Ellzey, Jake Republican Yea
Emmer, Tom Republican Yea
Estes, Ron Republican Yea
Evans, Gabe Republican Yea
Ezell, Mike Republican Yea
Fallon, Pat Republican Yea
Fedorchak, Julie Republican Yea
Feenstra, Randy Republican Yea
Finstad, Brad Republican Yea
Fischbach, Michelle Republican Yea
Fleischmann, Charles J. "Chuck" Republican Yea
Flood, Mike Republican Yea
Fong, Vince Republican Yea
Foxx, Virginia Republican Yea
Franklin, Scott Republican Yea
Fulcher, Russ Republican Yea
Garbarino, Andrew R. Republican Yea
Gill, Brandon Republican Yea
Gimenez, Carlos A. Republican Yea
Goldman, Craig A. Republican Yea
Gonzales, Tony Republican Yea
Gooden, Lance Republican Yea
Gosar, Paul A. Republican Yea
Griffith, H. Morgan Republican Yea
Grothman, Glenn Republican Yea
Guest, Michael Republican Yea
Hageman, Harriet M. Republican Yea
Hamadeh, Abraham J. Republican Yea
Haridopolos, Mike Republican Yea
Harrigan, Pat Republican Yea
Harris, Andy Republican Yea
Harris, Mark Republican Yea
Harshbarger, Diana Republican Not Voting
Hern, Kevin Republican Yea
Higgins, Clay Republican Yea
Hill, J. French Republican Yea
Hinson, Ashley Republican Yea
Houchin, Erin Republican Yea
Huizenga, Bill Republican Yea
Hurd, Jeff Republican Yea
Issa, Darrell Republican Yea
Jackson, Ronny Republican Yea
Johnson, Dusty Republican Yea
Johnson, Mike Republican Yea
Jordan, Jim Republican Yea
Joyce, David P. Republican Yea
Joyce, John Republican Yea
Kean, Thomas H. Republican Yea
Kelly, Mike Republican Yea
Kelly, Trent Republican Yea
Kennedy, Mike Republican Yea
Kiggans, Jennifer A. Republican Yea
Knott, Brad Republican Yea
Kustoff, David Republican Yea
LaHood, Darin Republican Yea
LaLota, Nick Republican Yea
LaMalfa, Doug Republican Yea
Langworthy, Nicholas A. Republican Yea
Latta, Robert E. Republican Yea
Lee, Laurel M. Republican Yea
Letlow, Julia Republican Yea
Loudermilk, Barry Republican Yea
Luna, Anna Paulina Republican Yea
Luttrell, Morgan Republican Yea
Mackenzie, Ryan Republican Yea
Malliotakis, Nicole Republican Yea
Maloy, Celeste Republican Yea
Massie, Thomas Republican Yea
Mast, Brian J. Republican Yea
McCaul, Michael T. Republican Yea
McClain, Lisa C. Republican Not Voting
McClintock, Tom Republican Yea
McGuire, John J. Republican Yea
Messmer, Mark B. Republican Yea
Meuser, Daniel Republican Yea
Miller, Carol D. Republican Yea
Miller, Mary E. Republican Yea
Miller, Max L. Republican Yea
Miller-Meeks, Mariannette Republican Yea
Moolenaar, John R. Republican Yea
Moore, Barry Republican Yea
Moore, Blake D. Republican Yea
Moore, Riley M. Republican Yea
Moore, Tim Republican Yea
Nehls, Troy E. Republican Yea
Newhouse, Dan Republican Yea
Norman, Ralph Republican Yea
Nunn, Zachary Republican Yea
Obernolte, Jay Republican Yea
Ogles, Andrew Republican Yea
Onder, Robert F. Republican Yea
Pfluger, August Republican Yea
Reschenthaler, Guy Republican Yea
Rogers, Harold Republican Yea
Rogers, Mike D. Republican Yea
Rouzer, David Republican Yea
Roy, Chip Republican Yea
Rulli, Michael A. Republican Yea
Salazar, Maria Elvira Republican Yea
Scalise, Steve Republican Yea
Schmidt, Derek Republican Yea
Schweikert, David Republican Yea
Scott, Austin Republican Yea
Self, Keith Republican Yea
Shreve, Jefferson Republican Yea
Smith, Adrian Republican Yea
Smith, Christopher H. Republican Yea
Smith, Jason Republican Yea
Smucker, Lloyd Republican Yea
Spartz, Victoria Republican Yea
Stauber, Pete Republican Yea
Stefanik, Elise M. Republican Not Voting
Steil, Bryan Republican Yea
Steube, W. Gregory Republican Yea
Stutzman, Marlin A. Republican Yea
Thompson, Glenn Republican Yea
Tiffany, Thomas P. Republican Yea
Timmons, William R. Republican Yea
Turner, Michael R. Republican Yea
Valadao, David G. Republican Yea
Walberg, Tim Republican Yea
Waltz, Michael Republican Yea
Weber, Randy K. Sr. Republican Yea
Webster, Daniel Republican Yea
Westerman, Bruce Republican Yea
Wied, Tony Republican Yea
Williams, Roger Republican Yea
Wilson, Joe Republican Yea
Wittman, Robert J. Republican Yea
Womack, Steve Republican Yea
Yakym, Rudy Republican Yea
Zinke, Ryan K. Republican Yea

Subjects

civil-rights education
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Frequently asked questions

What does HR 28 do?
The Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2025 aims to ensure that only women and girls can compete in female sports categories. This legislation is designed to protect the fairness and safety of female athletes in athletic competitions.
Who sponsors HR 28?
HR 28 is sponsored by Walberg, Tim (Republican), Estes, Ron (Republican), Houchin, Erin (Republican), Finstad, Brad (Republican), Higgins, Clay (Republican), Fulcher, Russ (Republican), Mace, Nancy (Republican), Ogles, Andrew (Republican), Hageman, Harriet M. (Republican), Bilirakis, Gus M. (Republican), Crenshaw, Dan (Republican), Gooden, Lance (Republican), Meuser, Daniel (Republican), Johnson, Dusty (Republican), Brecheen, Josh (Republican), Stauber, Pete (Republican), Owens, Burgess (Republican), Ciscomani, Juan (Republican), Foxx, Virginia (Republican), Ezell, Mike (Republican), Weber, Randy K. Sr. (Republican), Cammack, Kat (Republican), Self, Keith (Republican), Biggs, Andy (Republican), Babin, Brian (Republican), Nehls, Troy E. (Republican), Fleischmann, Charles J. "Chuck" (Republican), Kustoff, David (Republican), Bost, Mike (Republican), Fitzgerald, Scott (Republican), McCormick, Richard (Republican), Aderholt, Robert B. (Republican), Guest, Michael (Republican), Feenstra, Randy (Republican), Webster, Daniel (Republican), Davidson, Warren (Republican), Ellzey, Jake (Republican), Scott, Austin (Republican), Bean, Aaron (Republican), Green, Mark E. (Republican), Zinke, Ryan K. (Republican), Arrington, Jodey C. (Republican), Smith, Christopher H. (Republican), Comer, James (Republican), Hudson, Richard (Republican), Miller, Mary E. (Republican), Miller, Carol D. (Republican), Huizenga, Bill (Republican), Moore, Riley M. (Republican), Biggs, Sheri (Republican), Crank, Jeff (Republican), Buchanan, Vern (Republican), Franklin, Scott (Republican), De La Cruz, Monica (Republican), Smith, Jason (Republican), Burlison, Eric (Republican), Kelly, Trent (Republican), Dunn, Neal P. (Republican), LaLota, Nick (Republican), Taylor, David J. (Republican), Rose, John W. (Republican), Grothman, Glenn (Republican), Goldman, Craig A. (Republican), Tenney, Claudia (Republican), Wied, Tony (Republican), Gill, Brandon (Republican), Gonzales, Tony (Republican), Carter, Earl L. "Buddy" (Republican), Allen, Rick W. (Republican), Griffith, H. Morgan (Republican), McClain, Lisa C. (Republican), Messmer, Mark B. (Republican), Newhouse, Dan (Republican), Harris, Mark (Republican), Rulli, Michael A. (Republican), Guthrie, Brett (Republican), Barr, Andy (Republican), McGuire, John J. (Republican), Nunn, Zachary (Republican), Downing, Troy (Republican), Hern, Kevin (Republican), Tiffany, Thomas P. (Republican), Cline, Ben (Republican), and Steube, W. Gregory (Republican).
What is the current status of HR 28?
This bill has passed the House. Introduced January 03, 2025. It now moves to the second chamber.
Where can I track HR 28?
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