2024-27897: Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings
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OSHA is extending the period for submitting comments by 15 days until January 14, 2025, to allow stakeholders interested in the NPRM on Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings additional time to review the NPRM and collect information and data necessary for comment. In addition, OSHA is scheduling an informal public hearing on this proposed rule. The public hearing will begin June 16, 2025. The proposed rule was published in the Federal Register on August 30, 2024.
The agency’s own summary, as published.
The rule, in full
2,076 words as published, November 29, 2024. View the original →
Federal Register, Volume 89 Issue 230 (Friday, November 29, 2024) [Federal Register Volume 89, Number 230 (Friday, November 29, 2024)] [Proposed Rules] [Pages 94631-94632] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2024-27897] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF LABOR [Docket No. OSHA-2021-0009] Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910, 1915, 1917, 1918, 1926, and 1928 RIN 1218-AD39 Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings
Agency
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Labor.
Action
Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM); extension of comment period; notice of informal hearing. -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary
OSHA is extending the period for submitting comments by 15 days until January 14, 2025, to allow stakeholders interested in the NPRM on Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings additional time to review the NPRM and collect information and data necessary for comment. In addition, OSHA is scheduling an informal public hearing on this proposed rule. The public hearing will begin June 16, 2025. The proposed rule was published in the Federal Register on August 30, 2024.
Dates
The comment period for the NPRM that was published at 89 FR 70698 on August 30, 2024, is extended. Comments on any aspect of the NPRM must be submitted by January 14, 2025. Informal public hearing: The hearing will be held virtually and will begin June 16, 2025, at 9:30 a.m. If necessary, the hearing will continue on subsequent weekdays. Additional information on how to access the informal hearing will be posted at https://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure/rulemaking. To testify or question other witnesses at the hearing, interested persons must electronically submit their Notice of Intention to Appear (NOITA) on or before May 2, 2025. In addition, those who request more than 10 minutes for their presentation at the informal hearing and those who intend to submit documentary evidence at the hearing must submit the full text of their testimony, as well as a copy of any documentary evidence, no later than May 23, 2025.
Addresses
Submission of comments: You may submit comments and attachments, identified by Docket No. OSHA-2021-0009, electronically at www.regulations.gov, which is the Federal e-Rulemaking Portal. Follow the online instructions for making electronic submissions. The Federal e-Rulemaking Portal at www.regulations.gov is the only way to submit comments on this NPRM. Notice of Intention to Appear (NOITA): A NOITA must be submitted electronically at www.osha.gov/heat-exposure/rulemaking. Follow the instructions online for making electronic submissions. Those who file NOITAs must also submit electronic copies of all documents that they intend to use or reference during their testimony. Information about how and when to submit these materials will be provided at the time of registration. Instructions: All submissions must include the agency's name and the docket number for this rulemaking (Docket No. OSHA-2021-0009). All comments, including any personal information you provide, are placed in the public docket without change and may be made available online at www.regulations.gov. Therefore, OSHA cautions commenters about submitting information they do not want made available to the public or submitting materials that contain personal information (either about themselves or others), such as Social Security Numbers and birthdates. Docket: To read or download comments or other material in the docket, go to Docket No. OSHA-2021-0009 at www.regulations.gov. All comments and submissions are listed in the www.regulations.gov index; however, some information (e.g., copyrighted material) is not publicly available to read or download through that website. All comments and submissions, including copyrighted material, are available for inspection through the OSHA Docket Office. Documents submitted to the docket by OSHA or stakeholders are assigned document identification numbers (Document ID) for easy identification and retrieval. The full Document ID is the docket number plus a unique four or five-digit code. OSHA is identifying supporting information in this NPRM by author name and publication year, when appropriate. This information can be used to search for a supporting document in the docket at www.regulations.gov. Contact the OSHA Docket Office at 202-693-2350 (TTY number: 877-889- 5627) for assistance in locating docket submissions.
For Further Information Contact
For press inquiries, ASL interpretation, and language translation service requests: Contact Mr. Frank Meilinger, Director, Office of Communications, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; telephone: (202) 693-1999; email: [email protected]. For general information, technical, and hearing inquiries: Contact James Frederick, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; telephone: (202) 693-1950; email: [email protected].
Supplementary Information
On August 30, 2024, OSHA published in the Federal Register a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) for Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings. The proposed standard would apply to all employers conducting outdoor and indoor work in all general industry, construction, maritime, and agriculture sectors where OSHA has jurisdiction. The standard would require employers to create a plan to evaluate and control heat hazards in their workplace. It would clarify employer obligations and the steps necessary to effectively protect employees from hazardous heat. The public comment period for the NPRM was to close on December 30, 2024, 120 days after publication of the NPRM. However, OSHA received requests from stakeholders to extend the public comment period (see, e.g., Document ID 18667, 18380, 18373, 18664). Stakeholders requested additional time to carefully review the questions in the NPRM, gather data, and prepare their submissions. Several noted that the current deadline falls during the holiday season, when personal schedules may make finalizing comments difficult. OSHA agrees to an extension of the public comment period and believes a 15-day extension is sufficient and appropriate to balance the agency's need for stakeholder input with the agency's desire to proceed with the rulemaking in a timely manner. The comment period extension will also avoid the comment deadline falling during the holiday season. Therefore, OSHA is extending the public comment period until January 14, 2025. Additionally, several commenters (see, e.g., Document ID 18377, 18373, 18345) requested that OSHA hold a public hearing. OSHA agrees to hold a fully virtual public hearing, which will begin June 16, 2025, and continue on [[Page 94632]] subsequent weekdays, if necessary. Witnesses are welcome to testify about any topics, issues, or concerns they have with the proposed rule.
I. Informal Public Hearing--Purpose, Rules and Procedures
OSHA invites interested persons to participate in this rulemaking by providing oral testimony and documentary evidence at the informal public hearing to provide the agency with the best available evidence to use in developing a final rule. The public hearing will be fully virtual to provide the opportunity for more stakeholders from across the country to participate in and/or observe the hearing without the financial and logistical burden of traveling to Washington, DC to attend in person. Pursuant to 29 CFR 1911.15(a) and 5 U.S.C. 553(c), members of the public have an opportunity at the informal public hearing to provide oral testimony and evidence on issues raised by the proposal. An administrative law judge (ALJ) will preside over the hearing and will resolve any procedural matters relating to the hearing. OSHA's regulation governing public hearings (29 CFR 1911.15) establishes the purpose and procedures of informal public hearings. Although the presiding officer of the hearing is an ALJ and questioning of witnesses is allowed on crucial issues, the proceeding is largely informal and essentially legislative in purpose. Therefore, the hearing provides interested persons with an opportunity to make oral presentations in the absence of rigid procedures that could impede or protract the rulemaking process. The hearing is not an adjudicative proceeding subject to the Federal Rules of Evidence. Instead, it is an informal administrative proceeding convened for the purpose of gathering and clarifying information. Accordingly, questions of relevance, procedure, and participation generally will be resolved in favor of developing a clear, accurate, and complete record. Although the ALJ presiding over the hearing makes no decision or recommendation on the merits of the proposal, the ALJ has the responsibility and authority necessary to ensure that the hearing progresses at a reasonable pace and in an orderly manner. To ensure a full and fair hearing, the ALJ has the power to regulate the course of the proceedings; dispose of procedural requests, objections, and comparable matters; confine presentations to matters pertinent to the issues the proposed rule raises; use appropriate means to regulate the conduct of persons present at the hearing; question witnesses and permit others to do so; limit the time for such questioning; and leave the record open for a reasonable time after the hearing for the submission of additional data, evidence, comments, and arguments from those who participated in the hearing (29 CFR 1911.16). In addition, pursuant to 29 CFR 1911.4, the Assistant Secretary may, on reasonable notice, issue additional or alternative procedures to expedite the proceedings, to provide greater procedural protections to interested persons, or to further any other good cause consistent with applicable law. At the close of the hearing, there will be a post-hearing comment period during which those persons who submitted a NOITA may submit final briefs, arguments, summations, and additional data and information to OSHA.
II. Notice of Intention To Appear at the Hearing
Interested persons who intend to provide oral testimony or documentary evidence at the hearing must file a written NOITA prior to the hearing and in accordance with the instructions in the ADDRESSES section earlier in this document. To testify or question other witnesses at the hearing, interested persons must electronically submit their NOITA on or before May 2, 2025. The NOITA must provide the following information: (1) Name, address, email address, and telephone number of each individual who will give oral testimony; (2) Name of the establishment or organization each individual represents, if any; (3) Occupational title and position of each individual testifying; and (4) A brief statement of the position each individual will take with respect to the issues raised by the proposed rule. The agency will consider the information in each submission when setting the hearing schedule. Before the hearing, OSHA will make the hearing procedures and hearing schedule available at https://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure/rulemaking and in the docket. OSHA emphasizes that the hearing is open to the public; however, only individuals who file a NOITA may testify at the hearing. Witnesses will be asked to specify the approximate amount of time requested for each individual or group's testimony (5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes). Individuals or groups who request more than 10 minutes to present their oral testimony at the hearing or who will submit documentary evidence at the hearing must submit the full text of their testimony and all documentary evidence no later than May 23, 2025. The agency will review each submission and determine if the information it contains warrants the amount of time the individual requested for the presentation. If OSHA believes the requested time is excessive, the agency will allocate an appropriate amount of time for the presentation. The agency also may limit to 5 minutes the presentation of any participant who fails to comply substantially with these procedural requirements and may request that the participant return for questioning at a later time. Before the hearing, OSHA will notify participants of the time the agency will allow for their presentation and, if less than requested, the reasons for its decision.
III. Certification of the Hearing Record and Agency Final Determination
Following the close of the hearing and the post-hearing comment period, the ALJ will certify the record to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health. The record will consist of all written comments, oral testimony, and documentary evidence received during the proceeding. The ALJ, however, will not make or recommend any decisions as to the content of the final standard. Following certification of the record, OSHA will review all the evidence received into the record and will issue the final rule based on the record as a whole. Authority and Signature This document was prepared under the direction of Douglas L. Parker, Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210. It is issued under the authority of sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); 5 U.S.C. 553; Secretary of Labor's Order No. 8-2020 (85 FR 58393); and 29 CFR part 1911. Signed at Washington, DC, on November 20, 2024. Douglas L. Parker, Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health. [FR Doc. 2024-27897 Filed 11-27-24; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4510-26-P
What this changes
Amends 6 parts of the Code of Federal Regulations — the standing rules this notice rewrites.
- 29 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards
- 29 CFR 1915 Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment
- 29 CFR 1917 Marine Terminals
- 29 CFR 1918 Safety and Health Regulations for Longshoring
- 29 CFR 1926 Safety and Health Regulations for Construction
- 29 CFR 1928 Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Agriculture
Rulemaking docket
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Department of the Army and Air Force. (2003, March 7). Technical bulletin: Heat stress control and heat casualty management. https://armypubs.army.mil/ProductMaps/PubForm/Details.aspx?PUB_ID=46205.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Seabury AS et al. (2017, February). Racial and ethnic differences in the frequency of workplace injuries and prevalence of work-related disability. Health Affairs, 36(2), 266-273. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1185. (Seabury...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2017). Workers’ rights. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3021.pdf.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Johnson RJ et al. (2019, May 9). Chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in agricultural communities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380, 1843-1852. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1813869.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Quandt SA et al. (2013, August). Heat index in migrant farmworker housing: implications for rest and recovery from work-related heat stress. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3723406/.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Padilla A, Brown S, Warren E, Wyden R, Sanders B, Cortez Masto C, Gillibrand K, Geinstein D, Blumenthal R, Baldwin T, Smith T, Markey EJ, Booker C. (2021, August 3). Correspondence from members of the U.S. Senate to The ...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Government Accountability Office (GAO). (2009, October). Enhancing OSHA’s records audit process could improve the accuracy of worker injury and illness data. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-10-10.pdf
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1986, April). NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to hot environments. Publication 86-113. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/86-11...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2021, October 6). Protecting Temporary Workers. https://www.osha.gov/temporaryworkers. Accessed October 6, 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Wadsworth G et al. (2019). Pay, power, and health: HRI and the agricultural conundrum. Labor Studies Journal, 44(3), 214-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160449X18767749. (Wadsworth et al., 2019)
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Steege AL et al. (2014). Examining occupational health and safety disparities using national data: a cause for continuing concern. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57, 527-538. DOI10.1002/ajim.22297. (Steege et a...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). (USGCRP, 2016). The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. https://health2016.globalchange.gov/low/ClimateHealth2016_FullRep...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Wallace RF et al. (2007). Prior heat illness hospitalization and risk of early death. Environmental Research, 104, 290-295. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.01.003. (Wallace et al., 2007)
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2017, August 30). Work injuries in the heat in 2015. The Economics Daily. https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2017/work-injuries-in-the-heat-in-2015.htm
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008, June 20). Heat-related deaths among crop workers – United States, 1992-2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Sorensen C and R Garcia-Trabanino. (2019, August 22). A new era of climate medicine – addressing heat-triggered renal disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 381, 693-696. https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2020, December 8). Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Data Quality Research. https://www.bls.gov/iif/data-quality.htm
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2021, October 6). Safety and Health Topics>>Heat>>Personal risk factors. https://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure/personal-risk-factors. Accessed October 6, 2021
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021International Labour Organization (ILO). (2019). Working on a warmer planet: The impact of heat stress on labour productivity and decent work. 13.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2021, October 7). Heat: Prevention – Protecting New Workers. https://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure/protecting-new-workers. Accessed October 7, 2021
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Caban-Martinez AJ et al. (2018, April). Physical exposures, work tasks, and OSHA-10 training among temporary and payroll construction workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(4), e159-e165. DOI: 10...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Flouris AD et al. (2018, December). Workers’ health and productivity under occupational heat strain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planetary Health, 2, e521–31
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Ebi KL et al. (2021, August 21). Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks. The Lancet, 398, 698-708.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Arbury S et al. (2016, April). A critical review of OSHA heat enforcement cases: lessons learned. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(4). DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000640
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Chu J, et al (2021, August 6). Correspondence from members of the U.S. House of Representatives to The Honorable Martin J. Walsh, Secretary, U.S. Department of Labor.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Brown S, Baldwin T, Murray P, Whitehouse S, Warren E, Schatz B, Wood Hassan M, Blumenthal R, Casey, Jr. RP, Rosen J, Hirono MK, Reed J. (2019, November 18). Correspondence from members of the U.S. Senate to the Honorable...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2021, September 1). Inspection Guidance for Heat-Related Hazards.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Anderson GB and ML Bell. (2011, February). Heat waves in the United States: mortality risk during heat waves and effect modification by heat wave characteristics in 43 U.S. communities. Environmental Health Perspectives,...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2021, September 2). Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the United States: A Focus on Six Impacts. EPA 430-R-21-003. www.epa.gov/cira/social-vulnerability-report
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Gubernot DM et al. (2015, February). Characterizing occupational heat-related mortality in the United States, 2000-2010: An analysis using the census of fatal occupational injuries database. American Journal of Industria...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Grundstein A, et al. (2015, January). Regional heat safety thresholds for athletics in the contiguous United States. Applied geography, 56 (2015),55-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.10.014.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2017, April 20). Reproductive health and the workplace: Heat. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/repro/heat.html.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Park RJ et al. (2021, July). Temperature, workplace safety, and labor market inequality. Institute of Labor Economics, Discussion Paper Series. http://ftp.iza.org/dp14560.pdf. (Park et al., July 2021)
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Shipley J et al. (2021, August 17). Heat is killing workers in the U.S. - and there are no federal rules to protect them. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2021/08/17/1026154042/hundreds-of-workers-have-died-fro...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Human Performance Resources by Consortium for Health and Military Performance (HPRC). (2021, October 6). Warrior heat- and exertion-related events collaborative. https://www.hprc-online.org/resources-partners/whec. Acces...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2021a, September 10). Fatal occupational injuries by selected worker characteristics and selected event or exposure, All U.S., all ownerships, 1992-2019. https://data.bls.gov/gqt/Initia...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Burke MJ et al. (2006, February). Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 315–324.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Glaser J et al. (2016, August 8). Climate change and the emergent epidemic of CKD from heat stress in rural communities: the case for heat stress nephropathy. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11(8)...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Gubernot DM et al. (2014, October). The epidemiology of occupational heat-related morbidity and mortality in the United States: a review of the literature and assessment of research needs in a changing climate. Internati...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2017). Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Assessment of heat stress using the WBGT (wet bulb globe temperature) index. Third Edition. ISO 7243:2017(E). 2017.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2021, October 6). Recommended Practices: Protecting Temporary Workers. https://www.osha.gov/sites/de...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2021, April). Climate Change Indicators: Heat-Related Deaths. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-related-deaths.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021CAL/OSHA, Title 8, § 3395. Heat Illness Prevention. https://www.dir.ca.gov/Title8/3395.html.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2017, May). Multi-Model Framework for Quantitative Sectoral Impacts Analysis: A Technical Report for the Fourth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, E...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2010, April 28). Training standards policy tatement. https://www.osha.gov/dep/standards-policy-statement-memo-04-28-10.html.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Weather Service (NWS). (2021, August 25). Wet Bulb Globe Temperature: Guidelines-Charts. https://www.weather.gov/arx/wbgt#guidelines. Accessed August 25, 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Quinn MM et al. (2007). Social disparities in the burden of occupational exposures: results of a cross-sectional study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50, 861-875. DOI10.1002/ajim.20529. (Quinn et al., 2007)
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2019, October 1). Region VI: Regional Emphasis Program for Heat Illnesses. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/enforcement/directives/CPL_2_02-00-027A.pdf.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2017, September 15). OSHA Technical Manual. Section III: Chapter 4 – Heat Stress. https://www.osha.gov/otm/section-3-health-hazards/chapter-4.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Stone, Jr., B et al. (2021). Compound climate and infrastructure events: how electrical grid failure alters heat wave risk. Environmental Science and Technology, 55, 6957-6964. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00024. (S...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1972). NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to hot environments. Publication 72-10269. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/72-10269/d...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Integrated Heat Health Information System (NIHHIS). (2021, August 25). Understand Urban Heat Islands. https://nihhis.cpo.noaa.gov/Urban-Heat-Island-Mapping/Understand-Urban-Heat-Islands. Accessed August 25, 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2021, August 31). Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities. Table Q1. Incidence rates of total recordable cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by quartile distribution and e...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Minnesota Administrative Rules. §5205.0110 Indoor ventilation and temperature in places of employment. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/5205.0110/.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Oliveira AVM et al. (2019, August). Globe temperature and its measurement: requirements and limitations. Annals of Work Exposure sand Health, 63(7), 743-758. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxz042.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2021, September 2). Heat: Prevention>>Hazard Recognition. https://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure/hazards. Accessed September 2, 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Oregon Administrative Rules. 437-002-0155 Temporary Rule Heat Illness Prevention. https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHARules/div2/437-002-0155-temp.pdf. (Oregon Administrative Rules) 6 pages Temp Rule NR
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Galer M. (2019, April 8). The heat center initiative: heat illness awareness. https://www.army.mil/article/218736/the_heat_center_initiative_heat_illness_awareness
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Popovich N and Choi-Schagrin W. (2021, August 11). Hidden toll of the northwest heat wave: hundreds of extra deaths. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/08/11/climate/deaths-pacific-northwest-hea...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Rothfusz, Lans P., and NWS Southern Region Headquarters. "The heat index equation (or, more than you ever wanted to know about heat index)." Fort Worth, Texas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National We...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (2017). Heat Stress and Strain: TLV® Physical Agents 7th Edition Documentation. http://mhssn.igc.org/2017%20ACGIH%20-%20Heat%20Stress%20TLV.pdf.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021McCarthy RB et al. (2019, September). Outcomes of a heat stress awareness program on heat-related illness in municipal outdoor workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(9), 724-728. DOI: 10.1097/JOM...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Weather Service (NWS). (2021, September 1). What is the heat index?. https://www.weather.gov/ama/heatindex. Accessed September 1, 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2021, August 20). Federal OSHA Heat-Related Inspections and Violations, Jan 2018 - August 19 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021U.S. Senate, 117th Congress. (2021, April 12) S. 1068, Asuncion Valdivia Heat Illness and Fatality Prevention Act of 2021. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/1068/text?r=5&s=1. (U.S. Senate, 117th C...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Mix J et al. (2019). Hydration status, kidney function, and kidney injury in Florida agricultural workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(5), e253-e260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Althubaiti A. (2016, May 4). Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 9, 211-217. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4862344/pd...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Leigh JP et al. (2014, April). An estimate of the US government’s undercount of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in agriculture. Ann Epidemiology, 24(4). 254-259. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.006
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2021, January 28). Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Data. https://www.bls.gov/iif/soii-data.htm.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Commandant of the Marine Corps. (2002, June 6). Marine Corps Order 6200.1E W/CH1: Marine Corps heat injury prevention program. https://www.imef.marines.mil/Portals/68/Docs/IMEF/Surgeon/MCO_6200.1E_W_CH_1_Heat_Injury_Prev...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Weather Service (NWS). (2021, September 2). Heat watch vs. warning. https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-ww. Accessed on September 2, 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Department of the Navy, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. (2009, February 12). Manual of Naval Preventive Medicine, Chapter 3: Prevention of heat and cold stress injuries (ashore, afloat, and ground forces). NAVMED P-5010-...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2016, February). NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to heat and hot environments. Publication 2016-106. https://www.cdc.gov/ni...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021U.S. House of Representatives, 117th Congress. (2021, March 26). H.R. 2193, Asuncion Valdivia Heat Illness and Fatality Prevention Act of 2021. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2193?s =1&r=4. (U.S....
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Tustin A et al. (2018, August). Risk factors for heat-related illness in U.S. workers: an OSHA case series. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(8). (Tustin et al., August 2018)
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Department of the Army (2016, July 18). Training Prevention of Heat and Cold Casualties. TRADOC Regulation 350-29. https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/regulations/TR350-29.pdf .
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Kilbourne, EM. (1997). The public health consequences of disasters. (1997).
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Proposed Rule October 27, 2021Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Cover Sheet: U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). (USGCRP, 2018). USGCRP, 2018: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II: 1515 pp. https://nca2018.global...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2021b, September 10). Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject. Nonfatal cases involving days away from work: selected characteristics (2011 forward). https://data.bls.gov/PDQWeb/cs. ...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2020, December 22). Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htm.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Arbury S et al. (2014, August 8). Heat illness and death among workers – United States, 2012-2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(31).
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Budd G. (2008). Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) --its history and limitations. Journal of Science and Medicine and Sport, 11, 20-32. 2008. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.07.003
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Weather Service (NWS). (2021b, September 8). Weather related fatality and injury Statistics: weather fatalities 2020. https://www.weather.gov/hazstat/2020. Accessed September 8 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021National Weather Service (NWS). (2021a, September 8). 80-year list of severe weather fatalities. https://www.weather.gov/media/hazstat/80years_2020.pdf. 2020. Accessed September 8 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Morris CE et al. (2019, January 28). Actual and simulated weather data to evaluate wet bulb globe temperature and heat index as alerts for occupational heat-related illness. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygi...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2021, September). A Selection of Agency Heat Exposure Guidelines Tables.
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Steadman. (1979, April 11). The assessment of sultriness. Part 1. A temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/18/7/1520-0450_1979_018_0861_...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Washington Administrative Code (WAC) Title 296, General Occupational Health Standards. §§ 296-62-095 through 296-62-09560. Outdoor Heat Exposure. https://app.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=296-62&full=true#296-62-095; ...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Tustin A et al. (2018, July 6). Evaluation of occupational exposure limits for heat stress in outdoor workers – United States, 2011-2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,...
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Supporting & Related Material October 27, 2021Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2021, September 1). 43 work-related deaths due to environmental heat exposure in 2019. The Economics Daily. https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2021/43-work-related-deaths-due-to-environmental...
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Proposed Rule December 03, 2021Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings; Extension of Comment Period
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Other August 22, 2023Memorandum Reopening the Comment Period on Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings to Allow for the Submission of Documents and Comments
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Supporting & Related Material August 31, 2023Heat Injury & Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings Small Business Advocacy Review (SBAR) Questions
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Supporting & Related Material August 31, 2023Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings - SER Background Document
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Supporting & Related Material August 31, 2023Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings Regulatory Framework
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Supporting & Related Material November 03, 2023Report of the Small Business Advocacy Review Panel on OSHA’s Potential Standard for Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings
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Supporting & Related Material November 03, 2023NATE Safety & Health Manual :Chapter 58 - Heat Illness Prevention Program
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Supporting & Related Material November 03, 2023NIOSH - Heat Stress (Audio)
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Supporting & Related Material November 03, 2023Heat Safety Stress Plan (C. J. Hansen Co., Inc.)
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2023a). Small Business Advocacy Review (SBAR) Panel for a Heat Injury and Illness Prevention in Outdoor and Indoor Work Settings: Small Entity Representative (SER) P...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Anderson, R., & De Souza, E. (2017). Heat stress management in underground mines. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 27(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2017.05.020
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Calegari, F., Calamari, L., & Frazzi, E. (2012). Misting and fan cooling of the rest area in a dairy barn. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0432-7
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Ortiz, X. A., Smith, J. F., Bradford, B. J., Harner, J. P., & Oddy, A. (2010). A comparison of the effects of 2 cattle-cooling systems on dairy cows in a desert environment. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(10), Article 10. ...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1997). Fire Fighter Dies of Heat Stroke While Making a Fire Line During a Wildland Fire in California. NIOSH FACE Program. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/st...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024National Research Council. (2009). Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. CrimRxiv. https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.b2d683d2
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Shire, J., Vaidyanathan, A., Lackovic, M., & Bunn, T. (2020). Association Between Work‐Related Hyperthermia Emergency Department Visits and Ambient Heat in Five Southeastern States, 2010–2012—A Case‐Crossover Study. GeoH...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Washington Department of Labor and Industries. (2023). Final Cost-Benefit Analysis & Significant Legislative Rule Analysis. Washington Department of Labor and Industries. https://www.lni.wa.gov/rulemaking-activity/AO21-3...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Ashford, N., & Caldart, C. (1996). Technology, Law, and the Working Environment (Revised). Island Press (Title Page and Copyright Page)
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Cachon, G., Gallino, S., & Olivares, M. (2012). Severe Weather and Automobile Assembly Productivity. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2099798
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024DARA. (2012). Climate Vulnerability Monitor 2nd Edition.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Dasgupta, S., van Maanen, N., Gosling, S. N., Piontek, F., Otto, C., & Schleussner, C.-F. (2021). Effects of climate change on combined labour productivity and supply: An empirical, multi-model study. The Lancet Planetar...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Fisk, W. J. (2000). Health and productivity gains from better indoor environments and their relationship with building energy efficiency. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25(1), 537–566. https://doi.org/10.11...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Garg, T., Jagnani, M., & Taraz, V. (2020b). Temperature and Human Capital in India. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 7(6), 1113–1150. https://doi.org/10.1086/710066
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Hsiang, S. M. (2010). Temperatures and cyclones strongly associated with economic production in the Caribbean and Central America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(35), 15367–15372. https://doi.org/10...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Flouris, A. D., Ioannou, L. G., Mayor, T. S., & Hernandez, R. C. S. (2020). D3.5: Report on solutions to mitigate heat stress of construction sector workers.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Behrer, A. P., & Park, J. (2017). Will We Adapt? Temperature, Labor and Adaptation to Climate Change [Working paper].
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Massetti, E., & Mendelsohn, R. (2018). Measuring Climate Adaptation: Methods and Evidence. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 12(2), 324–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rey007
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2023h). Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, Case and Demographic Numbers for days away from work cases (2011-2020). https://data.bls.gov/gqt/InitialPage
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Card, D. (2022). Who set your wage?. American Economic Review, 112(4), 1075-1090.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Hirsch, B., Jahn, E. J., & Schnabel, C. (2018). Do employers have more monopsony power in slack labor markets?. ILR Review, 71(3), 676-704.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Anderson, G. B., Bell, M., & Peng, R. D. (2013). Methods to Calculate the Heat Index as an Exposure Metric in Environmental Health Research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.1289...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (n.d.). Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities Latest Numbers. Retrieved November 16, 2023, from https://www.bls.gov/iif/latest-numbers.htm
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Mirabelli, M. C., & Richardson, D. B. (2005). Heat-Related Fatalities in North Carolina. American Journal of Public Health, 95(4).
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Louisiana Department of Health (DOH). (2024). Heat-Related Emergency Department Visits in Louisiana: Review of Syndromic Surveillance Data for April through October 2023. Louisiana Department of Health. https://ldh.la.go...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Department of Labor (DOL). (2023a). Minimum Length of Meal Period Required Under State Law for Adult Employees in Private Sector 1.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Correa-Calderon, A., Armstrong, D., Donald, R., DeNise, S., Enns, M., & Howison, C. (2004). Thermoregulatory responses of Holstein and Brown Swiss Heat-Stressed dairy cows to two different cooling systems. International ...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Watanabe, S., Shimomura, T., & Miyazaki, H. (2009). Thermal evaluation of a chair with fans as an individually controlled system. Building and Environment, 44(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.05.016
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Fair Foods Standards Council. (2021). Fair Food Program Report, 2021.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bonauto, D., & Spector, J. (2024). Communication with David Bonauto and June Spector on June 17, 2024.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Roman-Ponce, H., Thatcher, W. W., Buffington, D. E., Wilcox, C. J., & Van Horn, H. H. (1977). Physiological and Production Responses of Dairy Cattle to a Shade Structure in a Subtropical Environment. Journal of Dairy Sci...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Wyndham, C., Strydom, N., Williams, C., Morrison, J., & Bredell, G. (1966). The heat reactions of bantu males in various states of acclimatization. Int. Z. Angew. Physiol. Einschl. Arbeitsphysiol., 23, 79–92.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Jay, O., Hoelzl, R., Weets, J., Morris, N., English, T., Nybo, L., Niu, J., de Dear, R., & Capon, A. (2019). Fanning as an alternative to air conditioning – A sustainable solution for reducing indoor occupational heat st...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Fall, W., Thelen, M., Modji, K., & McCoy, K. (2024). Heat-Related Illness on the Job: A Look at Worker’s Compensation Claims in Wisconsin (2010-2022). Wisconsin Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health. https://ww...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Gagnon, D., Romero, S. A., Cramer, M. N., Jay, O., & Crandall, C. G. (2016). Cardiac and Thermal Strain of Elderly Adults Exposed to Extreme Heat and Humidity With and Without Electric Fan Use. JAMA, 316(9), 989-991. htt...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Karvatte, N., Klosowski, E. S., de Almeida, R. G., Mesquita, E. E., de Oliveira, C. C., & Alves, F. V. (2016). Shading effect on microclimate and thermal comfort indexes in integrated crop-livestock-forest systems in the...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Meade, R. D., D’Souza, A. W., Krishen, L., & Kenny, G. P. (2017). The physiological strain incurred during electrical utilities work over consecutive work shifts in hot environments: A case report. Journal of Occupationa...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Racinais, S., Buchheit, M., Bilsborough, J., Bourdon, P. C., Cordy, J., & Coutts, A. J. (2014). Physiological and Performance Responses to a Training Camp in the Heat in Professional Australian Football Players. Internat...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Stonehill, R. B., & Keil, P. G. (1961). Successful Preventive Medical Measures Against Heat Illness at Lackland Air Force Base. American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health, 51(4), 586–590. https://doi.org/10...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Watkins, E. R., Hayes, M., Watt, P., & Richardson, A. J. (2019). Heat tolerance of Fire Service Instructors. Journal of Thermal Biology, 82, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.03.005
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bonauto, D., Anderson, R., Rauser, E., & Burke, B. (2007). Occupational heat illness in Washington State, 1995–2005. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50(12), 940–950. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20517
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bernard, T. E., & Iheanacho, I. (2015). Heat Index and Adjusted Temperature as Surrogates for Wet Bulb Globe Temperature to Screen for Occupational Heat Stress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 12(5), 3...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Chong, D., Zhu, N., Luo, W., Zhang, Z., & Pan, X. (2020). Effects of heat acclimation on individual safety performance in hyperthermal indoor environments. Building and Environment, 168, 106537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Fournel, S., Ouellet, V., & Charbonneau, É. (2017). Practices for Alleviating Heat Stress of Dairy Cows in Humid Continental Climates: A Literature Review. Animals, 7(12), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7050037
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Wallace, R. F., Kriebel, D., Punnett, L., Wegman, D. H., Wenger, C. B., Gardner, J. W., & Gonzalez, R. R. (2005). The Effects of Continuous Hot Weather Training on Risk of Exertional Heat Illness: Medicine & Science in S...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Wyndham, C., Strydom, N. B., Morrison, J. F., Dutoit, F. D., & Kraan, J. G. (1954). A new method of acclimatization to heat. Arbeitsphysiologie, 15(5), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00935938
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024J.J. Keller and Associates Inc. (2022). J.J. Keller Center for Market Insight Pulse Poll (August 2022).
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Petropoulos, Z. E., Keogh, S. A., Jarquín, E., ... & Scammell, M. K. (2023). Heat stress and heat strain among outdoor workers in El Salvador and Nicaragua. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 33(4)...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Crowe, J., Joubert, B. R., & Brooks, D. R. (2020). Third International Workshop on Chronic Kidney Diseases of Uncertain/Non-Traditional Etiology in Mesoamerica and Other Regions.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Dellinger, A. M., Kachur, P. S., Sternberg, E., & Russell, J. (1996). Risk of Heat-Related Injury to Disaster Relief Workers in a Slow-Onset Flood Disaster: Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 38(7), 689–69...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Harduar Morano, L. (2016). Ambient Outdoor Heat and Heat-related Illness in Florida [The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries]. https://doi.org/10.17615/3STE-T186
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Spector, J. T., Krenz, J., Rauser, E., & Bonauto, D. K. (2014). Heat‐related illness in Washington State agriculture and forestry sectors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57(8), 881–895. https://doi.org/10.1002/...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Zhang, H., Guo, F., Liu, K., Wang, J., Dong, J., & Zhu, P. (2022). Spatial differences in thermal comfort in summer in coastal areas: A study on Dalian, China. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1024757. https://doi.org/10....
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Scherzer, T., Rugulies, R., & Krause, N. (2005). Work-Related Pain and Injury and Barriers to Workers’ Compensation Among Las Vegas Hotel Room Cleaners. American Journal of Public Health, 95(3), 483–488. https://doi.org/...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Li, J., Shen, X., Funk, T. L., & Wang, X. (2018). Feasibility Study of Environmental Control of Dairy Barns using Air Conditioning or Evaporative Cooling. 10th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES X). http...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Erickson, E. A., Engel, L. S., Christenbury, K., Weems, L., Schwartz, E. G., & Rusiecki, J. A. (2019). Environmental Heat Exposure and Heat-Related Symptoms in United States Coast Guard Deepwater Horizon Disaster Respond...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Chan, A. P. C., Yi, W., Wong, D. P., Yam, M. C. H., & Chan, D. W. M. (2012). Determining an optimal recovery time for construction rebar workers after working to exhaustion in a hot and humid environment. Building and En...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Burton, D. J. (2006, October 1). Dehumidification in Hot and Humid Climates. Occupational Health & Safety. https://ohsonline.com/articles/2006/10/dehumidification-in-hot-and-humid-climates.aspx
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Hooker, T., & Baker, J. (2023, June 23). “We’re trapped in these trucks all day”: US Postal Service carrier. 25 News. www.kxxv.com/were-trapped-in-these-trucks-all-day-us-postal-service-carrier
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Rosenman, K. D., Kalush, A., Reilly, M. J., Gardiner, J. C., Reeves, M., & Luo, Z. (2006). How Much Work-Related Injury and Illness is Missed By the Current National Surveillance System? Journal of Occupational and Envir...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Racinais, S., Alonso, J. M., Coutts, A. J., ... & Périard, J. D. (2015). Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(S1), 6–19. https://doi.or...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Rode, A., Baker, R. E., Carleton, T., ... & Yuan, J. (2022). Labor Disutility in a Warmer World: The Impact of Climate Change on the Global Workforce. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4221478
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Cao, K.-X., Deng, Z.-C., Liu, M., Huang, Y.-X., Yang, J.-C., & Sun, L.-H. (2023). Heat Stress Impairs Male Reproductive System with Potential Disruption of Retinol Metabolism and Microbial Balance in the Testis of Mice. ...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Chersich, M. F., Pham, M. D., Areal, A., Haghighi, M. M., Manyuchi, A., Swift, C. P., Wernecke, B., Robinson, M., Hetem, R., Boeckmann, M., & Hajat, S. (2020). Associations between high temperatures in pregnancy and risk...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Fakheri, R. J., & Goldfarb, D. S. (2011). Ambient temperature as a contributor to kidney stone formation: Implications of global warming. Kidney International, 79(11), 1178–1185. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.76
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Fouillet, A., Rey, G., Laurent, F., Pavillon, G., Bellec, S., Guihenneuc-Jouyaux, C., Clavel, J., Jougla, E., & Hémon, D. (2006). Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France. International Archives of...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bethel, J., & Harger, R. (2014). Heat-Related Illness among Oregon Farmworkers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(9), 9273–9285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909273
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bernard, T. E., Ashley, C. D., Garzon, X. P., Kim, J.-H., & Coca, A. (2017). Prediction of WBGT-based clothing adjustment values from evaporative resistance. Industrial Health, 55(6), 549–554. https://doi.org/10.2486/ind...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Borghi, L., Meschi, T., Amato, F., Novarini, A., Romanelli, A., & Cigala, F. (1993). Hot Occupation and Nephrolithiasis. The Journal of Urology, 150, 1757–1760.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Horswill, C. A., Stofan, J. R., Lacambra, M., Toriscelli, T. A., Eichner, E. R., & Murray, R. (2009). Sodium Balance During U. S. Football Training in the Heat: Cramp-Prone vs. Reference Players. International Journal of...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Hsu, R. K., & Hsu, C. (2016). The Role of Acute Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease. Seminars in Nephrology, 36(4), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.05.005
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Hansson, E., Glaser, J., Jakobsson, K., Weiss, I., Wesseling, C., Lucas, R. A. I., Wei, J. L. K., Ekström, U., Wijkström, J., Bodin, T., Johnson, R. J., & Wegman, D. H. (2020). Pathophysiological Mechanisms by which Heat...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bonell, A., Sonko, B., Badjie, J., ... & Haines, A. (2022). Environmental heat stress on maternal physiology and fetal blood flow in pregnant subsistence farmers in The Gambia, west Africa: An observational cohort study....
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Leon, L. R., & Kenefick, R. (2012). Chapter 10: Pathophysiology of Heat-Related Illnesses. In Wilderness Medicine Textbook (pp. 113-e44).
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Murray, K. O., Brant, J. O., Iwaniec, J. D., ... & Clanton, T. L. (2020). Exertional heat stroke leads to concurrent long‐term epigenetic memory, immunosuppression and altered heat shock response in female mice. The Jour...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Noakes, T. D. (2008). A modern classification of the exercise-related heat illnesses. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.02.009
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Leon, L. R., & Helwig, B. G. (2010). Heat stroke: Role of the systemic inflammatory response. Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(6), 1980–1988. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00301.2010
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Sauret, J. M., Marinides, G., & Wang, G. K. (2002). Rhabdomyolysis. American Family Physician, 65(5), 907–912.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Uribarri, J. (2020). Chronic kidney disease and kidney stones. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 29(2), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000582
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Sharma, V. M., Pichan, G., & Panwar, M. R. (1983). Differential effects of hot-humid and hot-dry environments on mental functions. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 52(4), 315–327. https://...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Nerbass, F. B., Moist, L., Clark, W. F., Vieira, M. A., & Pecoits-Filho, R. (2019). Hydration Status and Kidney Health of Factory Workers Exposed to Heat Stress: A Pilot Feasibility Study. Annals of Nutrition and Metabol...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024O’Brien, K. K., Leon, L. R., & Kenefick, R. W. (2012). Chapter 11: Clinical Management of Heat-Related Illnesses. In Wilderness Medicine Textbook (pp. 232–238). Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Pandolf, K. B. (1997). Aging and human heat tolerance. Experimental Aging Research, 23(1), 69–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610739708254027
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Sawka, M. N., Leon, L. R., Montain, S. J., & Sonna, L. A. (2011). Integrated Physiological Mechanisms of Exercise Performance, Adaptation, and Maladaptation to Heat Stress. In Comprehensive Physiology (1st ed., pp. 1883–...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Oh, R. C., Bury, D. C., & McClure, C. J. (2022). Exertional rhabdomyolysis: An analysis of 321 hospitalised US military service members and its relationship with heat illness. BMJ Military Health, e002028. https://doi.or...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Renbourn, E. T. (1958). The History of Sweat and Prickly Heat, 19th–20th Century. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 30(5), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1958.50
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). (2018). Your Kidneys & How They Work. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work#:~:text=Yor kidneys remove...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Smit, A. A. J., Halliwill, J. R., Low, P. A., & Wieling, W. (1999). Pathophysiological basis of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. The Journal of Physiology, 519(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Sorensen, C. J., Butler-Dawson, J., Dally, M., Krisher, L., Griffin, B. R., Johnson, R. J., Lemery, J., Asensio, C., Tenney, L., & Newman, L. S. (2019). Risk Factors and Mechanisms Underlying Cross-Shift Decline in Kidne...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Donoghue, E. R., Graham, M. A., Jentzen, J. M., Lifschultz, B. D., Luke, J. L., & Mirchandani, H. G. (1997). Criteria for the Diagnosis of Heat-Related Deaths: National Association of Medical Examiners: Position Paper. T...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Epstein, Y., Moran, D. S., Shapiro, Y., Sohar, E., & Shemer, J. (1999). Exertional Heatstroke: A Case Series. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(2), 224–228
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Eisenberg, J., Li, J. F., & Feldmann, K. D. (2019). Evaluation of rhabdomyolysis and heat stroke in structural firefighter cadets (HHE Report No. 2018-0154-3361). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Dantas, G. H. M., De Alkmim Moreira Nunes, R., Casimiro-Lopes, G., Neves, E. B., De Castro, J. B. P., & De Souza Vale, R. G. (2022). Analysis of physiological markers and risk factors for the development of rhabdomyolysi...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Karthick, S., Kermanshachi, S., & Pamidimukkala, A. (2023). Analysis of the Health and Safety Challenges Faced by Construction Workers in Extreme Hot Weather Conditions. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024KDIGO. (2012). Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2012.1
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024DiBeneditto, J. R., & Worobec, S. M. (1985). Exposure to hot environments can cause dermatological problems. Occupational Health & Safety, 54(1), 35–38.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Korey Stringer Institute. (n.d.). Hyponatremia. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from https://ksi.uconn.edu/emergency-conditions/hyponatremia/
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Kenny, G. P., Sigal, R. J., & McGinn, R. (2016). Body temperature regulation in diabetes. Temperature, 3(1), 119–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2015.1131506
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Lewandowski, S. A., & Shaman, J. L. (2022). Heat stress morbidity among US military personnel: Daily exposure and lagged response (1998–2019). International Journal of Biometeorology, 66(6), 1199–1208. https://doi.org/10...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Nelson, D. A., Deuster, P. A., O’Connor, F. G., & Kurina, L. M. (2018a). Sickle Cell Trait and Heat Injury Among US Army Soldiers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 187(3), 523–528. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx285
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Code of Maryland Regulations 09 12 32: Heat Stress Standards. (2024). MD Draft Heat Stress Standard. https://www.dllr.state.md.us/labor/dliheatstressillnessprevstandarddraft.pdf
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Johansson, B., Rask, K., & Stenberg, M. (2010). Piece rates and their effects on health and safety – A literature review. Applied Ergonomics, 41(4), 607–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2009.12.020
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Casa, D. J., McDermott, B. P., Lee, E. C., Yeargin, S. W., Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (2007). Cold Water Immersion: The Gold Standard for Exertional Heatstroke Treatment. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 35(3)...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Tork. (2021, June 14). Employees are still skipping lunch despite working from home, new Tork survey finds. Torkusa.Com. https://www.torkusa.com/press-releases/tork-takes-back-lunch-break
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024National Weather Service (NWS). (2023, August 25). Heat Index Calculator. https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/heatindex.shtml
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Notley, S. R., Akerman, A. P., & Kenny, G. P. (2022b). Initial stay times for uncompensable occupational heat stress in young and older men: A preliminary assessment. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 47(1),...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Paull, J. M., & Rosenthal, F. S. (1987). Heat Strain and Heat Stress for Workers Wearing Protective Suits at a Hazardous Waste Site. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 48(5), 458–463. https://doi.org/10.108...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Chawla, L. S., Eggers, P. W., Star, R. A., & Kimmel, P. L. (2014). Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease as Interconnected Syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMr...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019). Prescription drug use in the past 30 days, by sex, race and Hispanic origin, and age: United States selected years 1988-1994 through 2015-2018 (Issue Table 39).
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Orlov, A., Sillmann, J., Aaheim, A., Aunan, K., & de Bruin, K. (2019). Economic Losses of Heat-Induced Reductions in Outdoor Worker Productivity: A Case Study of Europe. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 3(3), 1...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Department of Transportation (DOT). (2021). Departmental Guidance: Treatment of the Value of Preventing Fatalities and Injuries in Preparing Economic Analyses. https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2021-03/...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Gardner, J. W., & Kork, J. A. (1994). Fatal Rhabdomyolysis Presenting as Mild Heat Illness in Military Training. Military Medicine, 159(2), 160–163. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/159.2.160
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Hales, C. M., Kohen, D., Servias, J., & Martin, C. B. (2019). Prescription Drug Use Among Adults Aged 40–79 in the United States and Canada. NCHS Data Brief, 347.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Holzle, E., & Kligman, A. M. (1978). The pathogenesis of miliaria rubra: Role of the Resident Microflora. British Journal of Dermatology, 99(2), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1978.tb01973.x
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Parsons, I. T., Cox, A. T., Mollan, I. A., & Boos, C. J. (2015). Managing the military patient with syncope. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 161(3), 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2015-000493
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Schlader, Z. J., Davis, M. S., & Bouchama, A. (2022). Biomarkers of heatstroke‐induced organ injury and repair. Experimental Physiology, 107(10), 1159–1171. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP090142
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024O’Connor, F. G., Deuster, P., Leggit, J., Williams, M. E., Madsen, C. M., Beutler, A., Nye, N. S., Kane, S. F., Oh, R., Marks, E., Baron, J., & Cook, G. A. (2020). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Exerti...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Wu, X., Brady, J. E., Rosenberg, H., & Li, G. (2014). Emergency Department Visits for Heat Stroke in the United States, 2009 and 2010. Injury Epidemiology, 1(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-1714-1-8
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Zander, K. K., Botzen, W. J. W., Oppermann, E., Kjellstrom, T., & Garnett, S. T. (2015). Heat stress causes substantial labour productivity loss in Australia. Nature Climate Change, 5(7), 647–651. https://doi.org/10.1038...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Xiang, J., Bi, P., Pisaniello, D., Hansen, A., & Sullivan, T. (2014b). Association between high temperature and work-related injuries in Adelaide, South Australia, 2001–2010. Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 71(4),...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Kjellstrom, T., Holmer, I., & Lemke, B. (2009a). Workplace heat stress, health and productivity – an increasing challenge for low and middle-income countries during climate change. Global Health Action, 2(1), 2047. https...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Mattke, Soeren, et al. "A review of methods to measure health-related productivity loss." American Journal of Managed Care 13.4 (2007): 211-217.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Zhang, W., Ding, N., Han, Y., He, J., & Zhang, N. (2023). The impact of temperature on labor productivity——Evidence from temperature-sensitive enterprises. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1039668. https://doi.org...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Census Bureau. (2024b). Statistics of U.S. Businesses Glossary. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb/about/glossary.html
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Census Bureau. (2023b). 2022 Census of Governments, Survey of Public Employment & Payroll Datasets & Tables. https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2022/econ/apes/2022.html
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2024b). Employer Costs for Employee Compensation – December 2023 (USDL-24-0485). https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ecec.pdf
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2015). Landscape Mowing Assistant Dies from Heat Stroke. NIOSH FACE Program. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/stateface/mi/02mi075.html
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Ward, M. D., King, M. A., Gabrial, C., Kenefick, R. W., & Leon, L. R. (2020). Biochemical recovery from exertional heat stroke follows a 16-day time course. PLOS ONE, 15(3), e0229616. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Taylor, L., Watkins, S. L., Marshall, H., Dascombe, B. J., & Foster, J. (2016). The Impact of Different Environmental Conditions on Cognitive Function: A Focused Review. Frontiers in Physiology, 6. https://doi.org/10.338...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2019). 2017 Census of Agriculture: United States Summary and State Data. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Department of the Army. (2023, June 15). Prevention of Heat and Cold Casualties. TRADOC Regulation 350–29. https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/regulations/TR350-29.pdf
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2024c). Fatal occupational injuries by selected worker characteristics and selected event or exposure, all U.S., all ownerships, 1992–2022. https://data.bls.gov/gqt/InitialPage
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Lam, M., Krenz, J., Palmández, P., Negrete, M., Perla, M., Murphy-Robinson, H., & Spector, J. T. (2013). Identification of barriers to the prevention and treatment of heat-related illness in Latino farmworkers using acti...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Alele, F. O., Malau-Aduli, B. S., Malau-Aduli, A. E. O., & J. Crowe, M. (2020). Epidemiology of Exertional Heat Illness in the Military: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. International Journal of Environmenta...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division. (2022b). Update: Heat illness, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2021. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report (MSMR), 29(4), 8–14
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Cuddy, M. L. S. (2004). The Effects of Drugs on Thermoregulation: AACN Clinical Issues: Advanced Practice in Acute and Critical Care, 15(2), 238–253. https://doi.org/10.1097/00044067-200404000-00010
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2023b, March 2). Work and fatigue. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/fatigue/default.html
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Petitti, D. B., Harlan, S. L., Chowell-Puente, G., & Ruddell, D. (2013). Occupation and Environmental Heat-Associated Deaths in Maricopa County, Arizona: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e62596. https://doi.org/10.1...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Yeoman, K., Weakley, A., DuBose, W., Honn, K., McMurry, T., Eiter, B., ... & Poplin, G. (2022). Effects of heat strain on cognitive function among a sample of miners. Applied ergonomics, 102, 103743.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Spector, J. T., Krenz, J., & Blank, K. N. (2015). Risk Factors for Heat-Related Illness in Washington Crop Workers. Journal of Agromedicine, 20(3), 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2015.1047107
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Hancock, P. A., & Vasmatzidis, I. (2003). Effects of heat stress on cognitive performance: The current state of knowledge. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 19(3), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/0265673021000054630
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024DeGroot, D. W., Henderson, K. N., & O’Connor, F. G. (2023). Cooling Modality Effectiveness and Mortality Associate With Prehospital Care of Exertional Heat Stroke Casualties. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 64(2), 175...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Langer, C. E., Mitchell, D. C., Armitage, T. L., Moyce, S. C., Tancredi, D. J., Castro, J., Vega-Arroyo, A. J., Bennett, D. H., & Schenker, M. B. (2021). Are Cal/OSHA Regulations Protecting Farmworkers in California From...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Seo, Y., Powell, J., Strauch, A., Roberge, R., Kenny, G. P., & Kim, J.-H. (2019). Heat stress assessment during intermittent work under different environmental conditions and clothing combinations of effective wet bulb g...
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Coca, S. G., Singanamala, S., & Parikh, C. R. (2012). Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney International, 81(5), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.379
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2023e). OIICS Version 3.0 Manual.
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Weil, D. (2014). The Fissured Workplace. Harvard University Press. (Title Page and Copyright Page)
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Supporting & Related Material August 09, 2024Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2002). Economic Analysis for the Amended Inventory Update Final Rule.
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Annette Juarez 2025-11-25
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American Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP) 2025-11-18
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Kenya Maxey 2025-11-14
“I reported passing out from heat exhaustion as well as toxic chronic exposure to CO1. While Nevada Osha has said they will he investigating it has taken two months to even get this far. Meanwhile I am unemployed terminated for exercising my rights and unable to dually file with Federal Osha problems with website and calling only rerouted me to Nevada Osha whose entire government systems have been down long before any federal shutdown. We've been dealing with this for months. Entities like EEOC unemployment, social security, jails and prison websites have been "under attack" with no resoluti...”
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