Interior Department Docket FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133 Proposed Rule

2026-20123: General Provisions; Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

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Comments due November 30, 2026

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Summary

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to revise the List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by both adding and removing species and changing names to conform to accepted use by the scientific community. Reasons for the proposed changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. The net increase of 25 species (32 added and 7 removed) would bring the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,131. We also propose to revise the names of species subject to specific migratory bird permit regulations to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. We are taking this proposed action because an accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification, regulatory, and law-enforcement purposes, and to ensure consistency in the use of common and scientific names across Service regulations.

The agency’s own summary, as published.

The rule, in full

17,842 words as published, October 01, 2026. View the original →

Federal Register, Volume 91 Issue 189 (Thursday, October 1, 2026) [Federal Register Volume 91, Number 189 (Thursday, October 1, 2026)] [Proposed Rules] [Pages 62411-62457] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2026-20123] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Parts 10 and 21 [Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133; FXMB12320900000-267-FF9M30000] RIN 1018-BI13 General Provisions; Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Agency

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

Action

Proposed rule. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Summary

Dates

We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before November 30, 2026. Comments submitted electronically using the Federal eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES, below) must be received by 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the closing date.

Addresses

You may submit comments by one of the following methods: (1) Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. In the Search box, enter FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133, which is the docket number for this rulemaking. Then, click on the Search button. On the resulting page, in the Search panel on the left side of the screen, under the Document Type heading, click on the Proposed Rule box to locate this document. You may submit a comment by clicking on ``Comment.'' (2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail or hand-delivery to: Public Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, MS: PRB/3W, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803. We request that you send comments only by the methods described above. We will post all comments on https://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any personal information you provide us.

For Further Information Contact

Eric L. Kershner, Chief, Division of Bird Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Migratory Bird Program; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS:MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803; (571) 565-0109. Individuals in the United States who are deaf, deafblind, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability may dial 711 (TTY, TDD, or TeleBraille) to access telecommunications relay services. Individuals outside the United States should use the relay services offered within their country to make international calls to the point-of-contact in the United States. Please see Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133 on https://www.regulations.gov for a document that summarizes this proposed rule.

Supplementary Information

I. List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (50 CFR

10.13) Statutory Authority for Maintaining and Revising the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA The Service (as delegated by the Secretary of the Interior) has the statutory authority and responsibility to implement and enforce the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-616; 16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-742j, not including 742d-1). The MBTA implements conventions (bilateral treaties) between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows: (1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104-28 (December 14, 1995); (2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended March 10, 1972 (23 U.S.T. 260; T.I.A.S. 7302), and by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105-26 (May 5, 1997); (3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and (4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073). [[Page 62412]] What is the purpose of this proposed rulemaking? Our purpose is to inform the public of updates to the list of species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at parts 10, 20, 21, and 92. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of birds protected by the MBTA. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public and other Federal, State, Tribal, and Territorial agencies of which species are subject to regulatory protections. Why is this amendment of the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA necessary? The amendments we are proposing are needed to: (1) Add 13 species based on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since 2022; (2) Add 19 species newly recognized because of recent taxonomic changes; (3) Remove seven species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or U.S. territories because of recent taxonomic changes; (4) Change the common (English) names of 25 species to conform to accepted use; (5) Change the scientific names of 32 species to conform to accepted use; (6) Correct the spelling of one species name on the alphabetized list; and (7) Correct the spelling of one species name on the taxonomic list. The List of Birds Protected by the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on July 31, 2023 (88 FR 49310). The amendments proposed in this rule are necessitated by three published supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as the American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American Birds (AOS 2023, 2024, 2025, and 2026 (in press)) and the 2016, 2023, 2024, and 2025 publications of the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2016, 2023, 2024, and 2025). What scientific authorities are used to amend the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA? Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOS 2023, 2024, 2025, and 2026 (in press)), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOS Checklist of North American Birds (Checklist), developed by the AOS Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic authority for North American birds since publication of the first edition of the Checklist in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic foundation for ornithology in North America by evaluating and publishing the latest scientific developments in the systematics, classification, nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS Checklist represents the best scientific information available for developing the North American component of this List of Birds Protected by the MBTA. In keeping with the increasing number of study areas on which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge. The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species known to occur in the United States. For the species that occur in the U.S. territories outside the geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist) (Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2016, 2023, 2024, and 2025 installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2016, 2023, 2024, and 2025), and other peer-reviewed literature where appropriate. The Clements Checklist is a list of all known bird species in the world and is maintained and updated annually by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional ornithological authorities to compile the Clements Checklist, using the AOS for the western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the primary focus of the Clements Checklist. Range descriptions are maintained and updated based on the best available information, but do not include records of vagrancy. Although we primarily rely on the above sources, when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa and whether to include taxonomic changes. For example, we include the Purple Swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio, as classified by the AOS, even though the Clements Checklist splits this taxon into six species. Distinguishing characteristics within the Purple Swamphen clade are widely studied across its global range, yet scientific evidence remains inconclusive, leaving experts divided on how best to split these taxa. Because this taxonomy is complex and subject to ongoing revision, we chose to follow the AOS treatment of a single species, Purple Swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio. We also evaluate available information for new species documented to occur naturally in the United States or U.S. territories and come to our own conclusion regarding whether to add those species to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA. A 2025 publication, AviList: a unified global bird checklist (Rheindt et al. 2025), introduced a new global bird checklist, known as AviList, which has a single taxonomy for birds across the world. The scientific authorities cited above, and who are referenced for amending the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA, participated in the development of AviList. While these authorities may one day align with AviList, currently, there are several differences in classification and nomenclature, and we decided to consider developing a process to align with AviList in subsequent updates. Notably, we include updates at the subfamily level, which enables us to track when a family included in one of the bilateral treaties is subsumed into another as a subfamily, ensuring that species within the family, as originally included in the treaty, are appropriately protected under the MBTA. For this update, we reviewed 13 species that were added to the AOS Checklist based on new natural distribution in the United States or U.S. territories (AOS 2023, 2024, 2025, and 2026(in press)). Based on the available evidence and criteria we use to identify individual species that qualify for protection by the MBTA (see below), we propose to add 12 of the 13 species. We elected not to add one of the 13 species, Eurasian Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis. In 2023, AOS split Northern Goshawk, [[Page 62413]] Accipiter gentilis, into American Goshawk, Accipiter atricapillus, which regularly occurs in the United States, and Eurasian Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis (AOS 2023). The distribution statement for Eurasian Goshawk includes two extralimital records in the United States from Alaska in 2001 (AOS 2023), the details of which are included in a 2015 Service report (Schwitters 2015). When we reviewed the details of the published records, we found insufficient evidence to conclusively identify the birds as Eurasian Goshawks and therefore do not propose to add this species at this time. We may revisit this decision not to add the Eurasian Goshawk in a subsequent update if there is new evidence of its natural occurrence in the United States. We reconsidered two species that were previously added to the AOS Checklist based on new natural distribution in the United States or U.S. territories (AOS 2020) and for which we concluded the evidence, at the time, did not support proposing to add those species to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA (see July 31, 2023 (88 FR 49310)). We once again explored whether to add Graylag Goose, Anser anser, based on new information on natural distribution in the United States or U.S. territories and found no new evidence since our last update. Therefore, at this time, we do not propose adding Graylag Goose, Anser anser, to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA. We received new information for documented records of Red-backed Shrike, Lanius collurio, in Alaska and concluded that there is sufficient evidence demonstrating that the species naturally occurs in the United States, and thus propose to add Red-backed Shrike, Lanius collurio, to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA. What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA? A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following criteria: (1) It is individually listed in the Annex to the Japan Convention or the Appendix to the Russia Convention. (2) It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently, or was previously listed as, a member of a family protected by the Canada or Mexico Conventions or their amendments. A naturally occurring species is protected by the MBTA as a member of a protected family, even if the species is ecologically nonmigratory (meaning it does not exhibit seasonal movements--also known as a resident species). For example, the Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus) is a resident, nonmigratory species and is included in 50 CFR 10.13 because it occurs in a family (Aegithalidae) that is protected by the bilateral treaty with Canada and naturally occurs within the United States or U.S. Territories. Any species that is a member of a family protected by the Canada or Mexico Conventions but does not occur in the United States or U.S. territories, or occurs solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction, does not qualify for the MBTA list, unless: (a) It was either native to the United States or U.S. territories and extant in 1918; or (b) It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the United States or U.S. territories, and, after such extirpation, it was reintroduced in the United States or U.S. territories as part of a program carried out by a Federal agency. (3) Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature), that species will still be included if either of the following criteria apply: (a) The species closely resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by trade or other commercial activities if the species is not included; or (b) Not including the species may create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying conventions. (4) New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories resulting from new or natural distributional changes and the species belongs to a protected family in the Canada and Mexico Conventions. Records must be documented, accepted, and published by the AOS committee. For the U.S. Pacific territories that fall outside the geographic scope of the AOS and for which there is no identified ornithological authority, new evidence of a species' natural occurrence will be based on the Clements Checklist and then published peer-reviewed literature, in that order. Records and the evidence supporting their acceptance by the AOS, Clements Checklist, or peer- reviewed literature are reviewed independently by the Service before we propose adding the species to the list. In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108-447, December 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we only include migratory bird species that are native to the United States or U.S. territories, unless a species not currently known to be native is specifically listed in the Japan or Russia Conventions, which provide their own mechanisms for mutually adding or removing species designated for protection by those Conventions. A native migratory bird species is one that occurs as a result of natural biological or ecological processes. The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species belonging to families protected by the Canada and Mexico Conventions that occur in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). An amended list of the nonnative bird species that have been introduced by humans into the United States or U.S. territories and to which the MBTA does not apply was published in the Federal Register on April 16, 2020 (85 FR 21262), with a correction published on May 3, 2021 (86 FR 23422). What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? The MBTA does not apply to: (1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S. territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canada or Mexico Conventions. Note, though, that native species that are introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United States or U.S. territories. (2) Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S. territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in the Canada and Mexico Conventions or are not included by species name in the Russia and Japan Conventions. This includes the families Tinamidae (tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies), Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English sparrow), as well as numerous [[Page 62414]] other families not represented in the United States or U.S. territories. How do the changes affect the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA? Taxonomic changes were made at the family and subfamily levels by the AOS since our 2023 publication of the list (88 FR 49310; July 31, 2023). These changes affect the taxonomic order of species on this list. Specifically, new subfamilies were created. Within the family Charadriidae, a new subfamily, Pluvialinae, was created. The Golden- Plovers were moved to Pluvialinae, and Northern Lapwing was moved from Vanellinae to Charadriinae, and Vanellinae is deleted. Within the family Ardeidae, three new subfamilies were created: the Bare-Throated Tiger-Heron was moved to Tigriornithinae, Least Bittern and Yellow Bittern were moved to Botaurinae, and the herons and egrets were moved to Ardeinae. Within the family Columbidae, two new subfamilies were created: the ground doves were moved to Claravinae, and the quail- doves, White-tipped Dove, White-winged Dove, Zenaida Dove, and Mourning Dove were moved to Columbinae. Within the family Laridae, two new subfamilies were created: the noddies were moved to Anoinae, and the white-terns were moved to Gyginae. The families Spindalidae and Nesospingidae were merged into Phaenicophilidae, and species formerly placed in Nesospingidae and Spindalidae were moved to the new subfamily Spindalinae. The proposed amendments (additions, removals, and name changes) would affect a total of 88 species and would result in a net addition of 25 species to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA, increasing the number of species on the list from 1,106 to 1,131. Nineteen species that we would add to the list are new species that have been recognized as a result of a taxonomic split, occur in the United States or U.S. territories, and were previously covered under the MBTA as members of listed species (conspecific). These proposed amendments can be logically arranged in the following five categories: (1) Add 13 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since 2022), or by other appropriate ornithological authorities, and the Service of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families covered by at least one of the two international conventions that designate families for protection. For each species, we list the State or U.S. territory in which it has been recorded, plus the relevant publication: Bat Falcon, Falco rufigularis--Texas (AOS 2023); Rufous-tailed Rock-thrush, Monticola saxatilis--Alaska (AOS 2023); Western Marsh Harrier, Circus aeruginosus--Maine and New Jersey (AOS 2024); Icterine Warbler, Hippolais icterina--Alaska (AOS 2024); Ainley's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates cheimomnestes--California and Hawaii (AOS 2025); Blue-black Grassquit, Volatinia jacarina--Arizona (AOS 2025); Eurasian Sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus--Alaska (AOS 2025); Gray Gull, Leucophaeus modestus--Florida and Alabama (AOS 2025); Southern Lapwing, Vanellus chilensis--Michigan, Texas, Florida, and Maryland (AOS 2025); Yellow-headed Caracara, Milvago chimachima--Florida and Texas (AOS 2025); Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus--Alaska (AOS 2026, in press); Oriental Honey-buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus--(AOS 2026, in press); Red-backed Shrike, Lanius collurio--Alaska (AOS 2020). (2) Add 19 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be distinct species (i.e., a taxonomic split). Given that each of these species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species, these additions would not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change: Puerto Rican Euphonia, Chlorophonia sclateri--formerly considered conspecific with Antillean Euphonia, Chlorophonia musica (AOS 2023); Siberian House-Martin, Delichon lagopodum--formerly considered conspecific with Common House-Martin, Delichon urbicum (AOS 2023); Scopoli's Shearwater, Calonectris diomedea--formerly considered conspecific with Cory's Shearwater, Calonectris diomedea (AOS 2024); Cocos Booby, Sula brewsteri--formerly considered conspecific with Brown Booby, Sula leucogaster (AOS 2024); Eastern Cattle-Egret, Ardea coromanda--formerly considered conspecific with Cattle Egret, Ardea ibis (AOS 2024); American Barn Owl, Tyto furcata--formerly considered conspecific with Barn Owl, Tyto alba (AOS 2024); Siberian Pipit, Anthus japonicus--formerly considered conspecific with American Pipit, Anthus rubescens (AOS 2024); Western Warbling-Vireo, Vireo swainsoni--formerly considered conspecific with Warbling Vireo, Vireo gilvus (AOS 2025); Vega Gull, Larus vegae--formerly considered conspecific with Herring Gull, Larus argentatus (AOS 2025); American Herring Gull, Larus smithsonianus--formerly considered conspecific with Herring Gull, Larus argentatus (AOS 2025); Blue-billed White-Tern, Gygis candida--formerly considered conspecific with White Tern, Gygis alba, (AOS 2025); Little White-Tern, Gygis microrhyncha--formerly considered conspecific with White Tern, Gygis alba, (AOS 2025); Hudsonian Whimbrel, Numenius hudsonicus--formerly considered conspecific with Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus, (AOS 2026, in press); Prairie Willet, Tringa inornata--formerly considered conspecific with Willet, Tringa semipalmata, (AOS 2026, in press); American Egret, Ardea egretta--formerly considered conspecific with Great Egret, Ardea alba, (AOS 2026, in press); Western Marsh-Wren, Cistothorus paludicola--formerly considered conspecific with Marsh Wren, Cistothorus palustris, (AOS 2026, in press); Eastern Red-legged Thrush, Turdus ardosiaceus--formerly considered conspecific with Red-legged Thrush, Turdus plumbeus, (AOS 2026, in press); Mangrove Warbler, Setophaga petechia--formerly considered conspecific with Yellow Warbler, Setophaga petechia, (AOS 2026, in press); and Desertas Petrel, Pterodroma deserta--formerly considered conspecific with Fea's Petrel Pterodroma feae, (AOS 2026, in press). (3) Remove seven species based on revised taxonomic treatments, either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer- reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International [[Page 62415]] Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. In each case, we reference the publication supporting these changes: Antillean Euphonia, Chlorophonia musica (AOS 2023); Cordilleran Flycatcher, Empidonax occidentalis, is combined with Western Flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis (AOS 2023); Common House-Martin, Delichon urbicum (AOS 2023); Barn Owl, Tyto alba (AOS 2024); Hoary Redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni, is combined with Redpoll, Acanthis flammea (AOS 2024); White Tern, Gygis alba (AOS 2025); and Fea's Petrel, Pterodroma feae (AOS 2026, in press). (4) Revise the common (English) names of 25 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS and Clements et al. publications. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below. (5) Revise the scientific names of 32 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS and Clements et al. publications. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below. (6) Correct the spelling of one scientific name on the alphabetized and taxonomic lists: Stejneger's Scoter, Melanitta stejneger, becomes Melanitta stejnegeri. Table of Proposed Name Changes, as Described in Categories 4, 5, 6, and 7 Above [The table is organized following AOS (2026, in press) taxonomic order. The relevant AOS or Clements et al. publication is provided.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Publication source and year Previous common name Current common name ------------------------------------------------------------------------ AOS 2023.................... Pacific-slope Western Flycatcher, Flycatcher, Empidonax Empidonax difficilis. difficilis. AOS 2024.................... Audubon's Sargasso Shearwater, Shearwater, Puffinus Puffinus lherminieri. lherminieri. AOS 2024.................... Intermediate Egret, Medium Egret, Ardea Ardea intermedia. intermedia. AOS 2024.................... Common Redpoll, Redpoll, Acanthis Acanthis flammea. flammea. AOS 2024.................... Black-crowned Night- Black-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax Heron, Nycticorax nycticorax. nycticorax. AOS 2024.................... Yellow-crowned Night- Yellow-crowned Night Heron, Nyctanassa Heron, Nyctanassa violacea. violacea. AOS 2024.................... House Wren, Northern House Wren, Troglodytes aedon. Troglodytes aedon. AOS 2025.................... Warbling Vireo, Eastern Warbling- Vireo gilvus. Vireo, Vireo gilvus. AOS 2025.................... Eurasian Hoopoe, Common Hoopoe, Upupa Upupa epops. epops. AOS 2025.................... Herring Gull, Larus European Herring argentatus. Gull, Larus argentatus. Clements et al. 2023........ Nankeen Night-Heron, Nankeen Night Heron, Nycticorax Nycticorax caledonicus. caledonicus. Clements et al. 2023........ Japanese Night- Japanese Night Heron, Gorsachius Heron, Gorsachius goisagi. goisagi. Clements et al. 2023........ Malayan Night-Heron, Malayan Night Heron, Gorsachius Gorsachius melanolophus. melanolophus. Clements et al. 2023........ Eastern Marsh- Eastern Marsh Harrier, Circus Harrier, Circus spilonotus. spilonotus. AOS 2026, in press.......... Tufted Flycatcher, Tawny Tufted Mitrephanes Flycatcher, phaeocercus. Mitrephanes phaeocercus. AOS 2026, in press.......... Whimbrel, Numenius Eurasian Whimbrel, phaeopus. Numenius phaeopus. AOS 2026, in press.......... Willet, Tringa Saltmarsh Willet, semipalmata. Tringa semipalmata. AOS 2026, in press.......... Great Egret, Ardea Great White Egret, alba. Ardea alba. AOS 2026, in press.......... Marsh Wren, Eastern Marsh-Wren, Cistothorus Cistothorus palustris. palustris. AOS 2026, in press.......... Red-legged Thrush, Western Red-legged Turdus plumbeus. Thrush, Turdus plumbeus. AOS 2026, in press.......... Painted Redstart, Painted Whitestart, Myioborus pictus. Myioborus pictus. AOS 2026, in press.......... Slate-throated Slate-throated Redstart, Myioborus Whitestart, miniatus. Myioborus miniatus. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Publication source and year Previous scientific Current scientific name name ------------------------------------------------------------------------ AOS 2023.................... Paint-billed Crake, Paint-billed Crake, Neocrex erythrops. Mustelirallus erythrops. AOS 2023.................... Crimson-collared Crimson-collared Grosbeak, Grosbeak, Rhodothraupis Periporphyrus celaeno. celaeno. AOS 2024.................... Eurasian Dotterel, Eurasian Dotterel, Charadrius Eudromias morinellus. morinellus. AOS 2024.................... Greater Sand-Plover, Greater Sand-Plover, Charadrius Anarhynchus leschenaultii. leschenaultii. AOS 2024.................... Wilson's Plover, Wilson's Plover, Charadrius wilsonia. Anarhynchus wilsonia. AOS 2024.................... Collared Plover, Collared Plover, Charadrius collaris. Anarhynchus collaris. AOS 2024.................... Mountain Plover, Mountain Plover, Charadrius montanus. Anarhynchus montanus. AOS 2024.................... Snowy Plover, Snowy Plover, Charadrius nivosus. Anarhynchus nivosus. AOS 2024.................... Brown Jay, Brown Jay, Psilorhinus morio. Cyanocorax morio. AOS 2024.................... Cory's Shearwater, Cory's Shearwater, Calonectris Calonectris diomedea. borealis. AOS 2024.................... Least Bittern, Least Bittern, Ixobrychus exilis. Botaurus exilis. AOS 2024.................... Yellow Bittern, Yellow Bittern, Ixobrychus sinensis. Botaurus sinensis. AOS 2025.................... Little Ringed Little Ringed Plover, Charadrius Plover, Thinornis dubius. dubius. AOS 2025.................... Chinese Sparrowhawk, Chinese Sparrowhawk, Accipiter soloensis. Tachyspiza soloensis. AOS 2025.................... Cooper's Hawk, Cooper's Hawk, Astur Accipiter cooperii. cooperii. AOS 2025.................... Eurasian Jackdaw, Eurasian Jackdaw, Corvus monedula. Coloeus monedula. AOS 2025.................... Lesser Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Sylvia curruca. Curruca curruca. AOS 2025.................... Bluethroat, Bluethroat, Luscinia Cyanecula svecica. svecica. AOS 2025.................... Fan-tailed Warbler, Fan-tailed Warbler, Basileuterus Euthlypis lachrymosa. lachrymosa. AOS 2025.................... Alpine Swift, Apus Alpine Swift, melba. Tachymarptis melba. Clements et al. 2023........ Shy Ground Dove, Shy Ground Dove, Alopecoenas stairi. Pampusana stairi. Clements et al. 2023........ White-throated White-throated Ground Dove, Ground Dove, Alopecoenas Pampusana xanthonurus. xanthonura. Clements et al. 2016........ Spotless Crake, Spotless Crake, Porzana tabuensis. Zapornia tabuensis. Clements et al. 2023........ Kentish Plover, Kentish Plover, Charadrius Anarhynchus alexandrinus. alexandrinus. Clements et al. 2024........ Black Bittern, Black Bittern, Ixobrychus Botaurus flavicollis. flavicollis. Clements et al. 2024........ Schrenck's Bittern, Schrenck's Bittern, Ixobrychus Botaurus eurhythmus. eurhythmus. [[Page 62416]] AOS 2026, in press.......... Yellow Warbler, Yellow Warbler, Setophaga petechia. Setophaga aestiva. AOS 2026, in press.......... Pacific Wren, Pacific Wren, Nannus Troglodytes pacificus. pacificus. AOS 2026, in press.......... Winter Wren, Winter Wren, Nannus Troglodytes hiemalis. hiemalis. Correction.................. Stejneger's Scoter, Stejneger's Scoter, Melanitta stejneger. Melanitta stejnegeri. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Publication source and year Previous common and Current common and scientific name. scientific name ------------------------------------------------------------------------ AOS 2023, AOS 2025.......... Northern Goshawk, American Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis. Astur atricapillus. AOS 2024.................... Lesser Sand-Plover, Siberian Sand- Charadrius mongolus. Plover, Anarhynchus mongolus. AOS 2024.................... Cattle Egret, Western Cattle- Bubulcus ibis. Egret, Ardea ibis. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ How is the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA organized? The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are grouped alphabetically by common name group (e.g., Warbler), followed by the species common names in alphabetical order within the group, and then the scientific name. This format is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOS (1998, 2026) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.

II. Revisions to 50 CFR Part 21

Because we are proposing to revise common and scientific names on the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA at 50 CFR 10.13, as described above, we also propose to make changes in 50 CFR part 21 where appropriate. The proposed changes are purely administrative and do not change the underlining meaning or requirements of any regulations in part 21. The following changes are proposed: (1) Under 50 CFR 21.82 (Falconry standards and falconry permitting), we propose to change goshawk and northern goshawk to American goshawk. Where the scientific name is provided, we propose changing Accipiter gentilis to Astur atricapillus. (2) Under 50 CFR 21.177 (Control order for invasive migratory birds in Hawaii), we propose revising the names for cattle egret and barn owl. The ibis group of cattle egret was introduced to the Hawaiian islands in 1959 (AOU 1998). Similarly, the barn owl was introduced to the Hawaiian islands in 1958 (AOU 1998). Therefore, throughout 50 CFR 21.177, we propose changing cattle egret and barn owl to western cattle-egret and American barn owl, respectively. We also propose revising the scientific names to Ardea ibis and Tyto furcata for western cattle-egret and American barn owl, respectively.

III. Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563) Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not significant. E.O. 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 while calling for improvements in the Nation's regulatory system to promote predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends. E.O. 13563 directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that regulations must be based on the best available science and that the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open exchange of ideas. We have developed these proposed revisions and additions to the CFR in a manner consistent with these requirements. Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act and have determined that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions. Because of the administrative nature of this rulemaking, the rule will have no known economic impacts on small entities. Consequently, we certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities; therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), we have determined the following: a. This rule does not ``significantly or uniquely'' affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the [[Page 62417]] Conventions; it does not affect small government activities in any significant way. b. This rule does not produce a federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. Takings In accordance with E.O. 12630, this rule does not have significant takings implications. This rule does not contain a provision for the taking of private property. Therefore, a takings-implication assessment is not required. Federalism This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under E.O. 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from updating the list of migratory bird species protected by the MBTA. Civil Justice Reform In accordance with E.O. 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. Paperwork Reduction Act This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not required. We may not conduct or sponsor, and you are not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) We have analyzed this rule in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and Department of Interior (DOI) regulations at 43 CFR part 46. We find that the action fits within a categorical exclusion listed in 43 CFR 46.210, specifically: (i) Policies, directives, regulations, and guidelines: that are of an administrative, financial, legal, technical, or procedural nature; or whose environmental effects are too broad, speculative, or conjectural to lend themselves to meaningful analysis and will later be subject to the NEPA process, either collectively or case-by-case. We have assessed whether any of the extraordinary circumstances listed in 43 CFR 46.215 apply and concluded that none are relevant to this proposed action and thus do not apply because it is an administrative action that would have no impacts on the human or natural environment. Endangered Species Act (ESA) Of the species on the List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 86 are also listed as endangered or threatened species, subspecies, or distinct population segments under section 4 of the ESA of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). No legal complications arise from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under separate authorities for different purposes. Because this rule is strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or threatened species or their designated critical habitats. Thus, it does not require consultation under section 7 of the ESA. Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994 (``Government-to-Government Relations With Native American Tribal Governments;'' 59 FR 22951, May 4, 1994), E.O. 13175 (``Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments''), the President's memorandum of November 30, 2022 (``Uniform Standards for Tribal Consultation;'' 87 FR 74479, December 5, 2022), and the Department of the Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our responsibility to communicate meaningfully with federally recognized Tribes and Alaska Native Corporations on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with S.O. 3206 of June 5, 1997 (``American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act''), we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with Tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge that Tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make information available to Tribes. Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211) On May 18, 2001, the President issued E.O. 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, or use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions, it is not a significant regulatory action under E.O. 12866, and it does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required. Clarity of the Proposed Rule We are required by E.O.s 12866 and 12988 and by the Presidential memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain language. This means that each rule we publish must: (1) Be logically organized; (2) Use the active voice to address readers directly; (3) Use clear language rather than jargon; (4) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and (5) Use lists and tables wherever possible. If you believe that we have not met these requirements, send us comments by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. To better help us revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as possible. For example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections or paragraphs that you believe are unclearly written, identify any sections or sentences that you believe are too long, and identify the sections where you believe lists or tables would be useful. References Cited A complete list of all references cited is available on https://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133, and upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above). List of Subjects 50 CFR Part 10 Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife. 50 CFR Part 21 Exports, Hunting, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Transportation, Wildlife. Regulation Promulgation For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 10--GENERAL PROVISIONS 0

1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a-d, 703-712, 742a-j-l, 1361-1384, 1401-1407, 1531-1543, 3371-3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202. [[Page 62418]] 0

2. Amend Sec. 10.13 by revising the section heading and paragraph (c)

to read as follows: Sec. 10.13 List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. * * * * * (c) What species are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2025). For species not treated by the AOS Checklist, we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2007, as updated through 2025). (1) Alphabetical listing. The table lists species alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. Table 1 to Paragraph (c)--Alphabetical Listing of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Species common Species scientific Common name group name name ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Accentor........................ Siberian Accentor. Prunella montanella. [revaps]Akeke[revaps]e.......... [revaps]Akeke[reva Loxops ps]e. caeruleirostris. [revaps]Akepa................... Hawaii Loxops coccineus. [revaps]Akepa. Maui [revaps]Akepa Loxops ochraceus. O[revaps]ahu Loxops [revaps]Akepa. wolstenholmei. [revaps]Akialoa................. Kauai Akialoa [revaps]Akialoa. stejnegeri. Maui Nui Akialoa [revaps]Akialoa. lanaiensis. O[revaps]ahu Akialoa ellisiana. [revaps]Akialoa. [revaps]Akiapola[revaps]au...... [revaps]Akiapola[r Hemignathus evaps]au. wilsoni. [revaps]Akikiki................. [revaps]Akikiki... Oreomystis bairdi. [revaps]Akohekohe............... [revaps]Akohekohe. Palmeria dolei. [revaps]Alauahio................ Maui Paroreomyza [revaps]Alauahio. montana. O[revaps]ahu Paroreomyza [revaps]Alauahio. maculata. Albatross....................... Black-browed Thalassarche Albatross. melanophris. Black-footed Phoebastria Albatross. nigripes. Chatham Albatross. Thalassarche eremita. Laysan Albatross.. Phoebastria immutabilis. Light-mantled Phoebetria Albatross. palpebrata. Salvin's Albatross Thalassarche salvini. Short-tailed Phoebastria Albatross. albatrus. Wandering Diomedea exulans. Albatross. White-capped Thalassarche Albatross. cauta. Yellow-nosed Thalassarche Albatross. chlororhynchos. [revaps]Amakihi................. Hawaii Chlorodrepanis [revaps]Amakihi. virens. Kaua[revaps]i Chlorodrepanis [revaps]Amakihi. stejnegeri. O[revaps]ahu Chlorodrepanis [revaps]Amakihi. flava. Anhinga......................... Anhinga........... Anhinga anhinga. Ani............................. Groove-billed Ani. Crotophaga sulcirostris. Smooth-billed Ani. Crotophaga ani. [revaps]Anianiau................ [revaps]Anianiau.. Magumma parva. [revaps]Apapane................. [revaps]Apapane... Himatione sanguinea. Auklet.......................... Cassin's Auklet... Ptychoramphus aleuticus. Crested Auklet.... Aethia cristatella. Least Auklet...... Aethia pusilla. Parakeet Auklet... Aethia psittacula. Rhinoceros Auklet. Cerorhinca monocerata. Whiskered Auklet.. Aethia pygmaea. Avocet.......................... American Avocet... Recurvirostra americana. Bananaquit...................... Bananaquit........ Coereba flaveola. Bean-Goose...................... Taiga Bean-Goose.. Anser fabalis. Tundra Bean-Goose. Anser serrirostris. Beardless-Tyrannulet............ Northern Beardless- Camptostoma Tyrannulet. imberbe. Becard.......................... Gray-collared Pachyramphus Becard. major. Rose-throated Pachyramphus Becard. aglaiae. Bittern......................... American Bittern.. Botaurus lentiginosus. Black Bittern..... Botaurus flavicollis. Least Bittern..... Botaurus exilis. Schrenck's Bittern Botaurus eurhythmus. Yellow Bittern.... Botaurus sinensis. Blackbird....................... Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus. Red-winged Agelaius Blackbird. phoeniceus. Rusty Blackbird... Euphagus carolinus. Tawny-shouldered Agelaius Blackbird. humeralis. Tricolored Agelaius tricolor. Blackbird. Yellow-headed Xanthocephalus Blackbird. xanthocephalus. Yellow-shouldered Agelaius Blackbird. xanthomus. Bluebird........................ Eastern Bluebird.. Sialia sialis. Mountain Bluebird. Sialia currucoides. Western Bluebird.. Sialia mexicana. Bluetail........................ Red-flanked Tarsiger cyanurus. Bluetail. [[Page 62419]] Bluethroat...................... Bluethroat........ Luscinia svecica. Bobolink........................ Bobolink.......... Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Boobook......................... Northern Boobook.. Ninox japonica. Booby........................... Abbott's Booby.... Papasula abbotti. Blue-footed Booby. Sula nebouxii. Brown Booby....... Sula leucogaster. Cocos Booby....... Sula brewsteri. Masked Booby...... Sula dactylatra. Nazca Booby....... Sula granti. Red-footed Booby.. Sula sula. Brambling....................... Brambling......... Fringilla montifringilla. Brant........................... Brant............. Branta bernicla. Bufflehead...................... Bufflehead........ Bucephala albeola. Bullfinch....................... Eurasian Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula. Puerto Rican Melopyrrha Bullfinch. portoricensis. Bunting......................... Blue Bunting...... Cyanocompsa parellina. Gray Bunting...... Emberiza variabilis. Indigo Bunting.... Passerina cyanea. Lark Bunting...... Calamospiza melanocorys. Lazuli Bunting.... Passerina amoena. Little Bunting.... Emberiza pusilla. McKay's Bunting... Plectrophenax hyperboreus. Painted Bunting... Passerina ciris. Pallas's Bunting.. Emberiza pallasi. Pine Bunting...... Emberiza leucocephalos. Reed Bunting...... Emberiza schoeniclus. Rustic Bunting.... Emberiza rustica. Snow Bunting...... Plectrophenax nivalis. Varied Bunting.... Passerina versicolor. Yellow-breasted Emberiza aureola. Bunting. Yellow-browed Emberiza Bunting. chrysophrys. Yellow-throated Emberiza elegans. Bunting. Bushtit......................... Bushtit........... Psaltriparus minimus. Buzzard......................... Gray-faced Buzzard Butastur indicus. Long-legged Buteo rufinus. Buzzard. Canvasback...................... Canvasback........ Aythya valisineria. Caracara........................ Crested Caracara.. Caracara plancus. Yellow-headed Milvago Caracara. chimachima. Cardinal........................ Northern Cardinal. Cardinalis cardinalis. Carib........................... Green-throated Eulampis Carib. holosericeus. Purple-throated Eulampis Carib. jugularis. Catbird......................... Black Catbird..... Melanoptila glabrirostris. Gray Catbird...... Dumetella carolinensis. Cattle-Egret.................... Eastern Cattle- Ardea coromanda. Egret. Western Cattle- Ardea ibis. Egret. Chaffinch....................... Common Chaffinch.. Fringilla coelebs. Chat............................ Yellow-breasted Icteria virens. Chat. Chickadee....................... Black-capped Poecile Chickadee. atricapillus. Boreal Chickadee.. Poecile hudsonicus. Carolina Chickadee Poecile carolinensis. Chestnut-backed Poecile rufescens. Chickadee. Gray-headed Poecile cinctus. Chickadee. Mexican Chickadee. Poecile sclateri. Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli. Chiffchaff...................... Common Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus collybita. Chuck-will's-widow.............. Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus carolinensis. Condor.......................... California Condor. Gymnogyps californianus. Coot............................ American Coot..... Fulica americana. Eurasian Coot..... Fulica atra. Hawaiian Coot..... Fulica alai. Cormorant....................... Brandt's Cormorant Urile penicillatus. Double-crested Nannopterum Cormorant. auritum. Great Cormorant... Phalacrocorax carbo. Little Pied Microcarbo Cormorant. melanoleucos. Neotropic Nannopterum Cormorant. brasilianum. Pelagic Cormorant. Urile pelagicus. Red-faced Urile urile. Cormorant. Cowbird......................... Bronzed Cowbird... Molothrus aeneus. Brown-headed Molothrus ater. Cowbird. Shiny Cowbird..... Molothrus bonariensis. Crake........................... Corn Crake........ Crex crex. [[Page 62420]] Paint-billed Crake Mustelirallus erythrops. Spotless Crake.... Zapornia tabuensis. Yellow-breasted Hapalocrex Crake. flaviventer. Crane........................... Common Crane...... Grus grus. Hooded Crane...... Grus monacha. Sandhill Crane.... Antigone canadensis. Whooping Crane.... Grus americana. Creeper......................... Brown Creeper..... Certhia americana. Hawaii Creeper.... Loxops mana. Crossbill....................... Cassia Crossbill.. Loxia sinesciuris. Red Crossbill..... Loxia curvirostra. White-winged Loxia leucoptera. Crossbill. Crow............................ American Crow..... Corvus brachyrhynchos. Fish Crow......... Corvus ossifragus. Hawaiian Crow..... Corvus hawaiiensis. Mariana Crow...... Corvus kubaryi. Tamaulipas Crow... Corvus imparatus. White-necked Crow. Corvus leucognaphalus. Cuckoo.......................... Black-billed Coccyzus Cuckoo. erythropthalmus. Chestnut-winged Clamator Cuckoo. coromandus. Common Cuckoo..... Cuculus canorus. Dark-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus melacoryphus. Mangrove Cuckoo... Coccyzus minor. Oriental Cuckoo... Cuculus optatus. Yellow-billed Coccyzus Cuckoo. americanus. Curlew.......................... Bristle-thighed Numenius Curlew. tahitiensis. Eskimo Curlew..... Numenius borealis. Eurasian Curlew... Numenius arquata. Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis. Little Curlew..... Numenius minutus. Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus. Dickcissel...................... Dickcissel........ Spiza americana. Dipper.......................... American Dipper... Cinclus mexicanus. Dotterel........................ Eurasian Dotterel. Eudromias morinellus. Dove............................ Common Ground Dove Columbina passerina. Inca Dove......... Columbina inca. Mourning Dove..... Zenaida macroura. Ruddy Ground Dove. Columbina talpacoti. Shy Ground Dove... Pampusana stairi. White-throated Pampusana Ground Dove. xanthonura. White-tipped Dove. Leptotila verreauxi. White-winged Dove. Zenaida asiatica. Zenaida Dove...... Zenaida aurita. Dovekie......................... Dovekie........... Alle alle. Dowitcher....................... Long-billed Limnodromus Dowitcher. scolopaceus. Short-billed Limnodromus Dowitcher. griseus. Duck............................ American Black Anas rubripes. Duck. Eastern Spot- Anas zonorhyncha. billed Duck. Falcated Duck..... Mareca falcata. Harlequin Duck.... Histrionicus histrionicus. Hawaiian Duck..... Anas wyvilliana. Laysan Duck....... Anas laysanensis. Long-tailed Duck.. Clangula hyemalis. Masked Duck....... Nomonyx dominicus. Mexican Duck...... Anas diazi. Mottled Duck...... Anas fulvigula. Muscovy Duck...... Cairina moschata. Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa. Ring-necked Duck.. Aythya collaris. Ruddy Duck........ Oxyura jamaicensis. Tufted Duck....... Aythya fuligula. Wood Duck......... Aix sponsa. Dunlin.......................... Dunlin............ Calidris alpina. Eagle........................... Bald Eagle........ Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Golden Eagle...... Aquila chrysaetos. White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla. Egret........................... American Egret.... Ardea egretta. Chinese Egret..... Egretta eulophotes. Great White Egret. Ardea alba. Medium Egret...... Ardea intermedia. Little Egret...... Egretta garzetta. [[Page 62421]] Reddish Egret..... Egretta rufescens. Snowy Egret....... Egretta thula. Eider........................... Common Eider...... Somateria mollissima. King Eider........ Somateria spectabilis. Spectacled Eider.. Somateria fischeri. Steller's Eider... Polysticta stelleri. Elaenia......................... Caribbean Elaenia. Elaenia martinica. Greenish Elaenia.. Myiopagis viridicata. Small-billed Elaenia Elaenia. parvirostris. White-crested Elaenia albiceps. Elaenia. Emerald......................... Puerto Rican Riccordia Emerald. maugaeus. Euphonia........................ Puerto Rican Chlorophonia Euphonia. sclateri. Falcon.......................... Amur Falcon....... Falco amurensis. Aplomado Falcon... Falco femoralis. Bat Falcon........ Falco rufigularis. Peregrine Falcon.. Falco peregrinus. Prairie Falcon.... Falco mexicanus. Red-footed Falcon. Falco vespertinus. Fieldfare....................... Fieldfare......... Turdus pilaris. Finch........................... Cassin's Finch.... Haemorhous cassinii. House Finch....... Haemorhous mexicanus. Laysan Finch...... Telespiza cantans. Nihoa Finch....... Telespiza ultima. Purple Finch...... Haemorhous purpureus. Flamingo........................ American Flamingo. Phoenicopterus ruber. Flicker......................... Gilded Flicker.... Colaptes chrysoides. Northern Flicker.. Colaptes auratus. Flycatcher...................... Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens. Alder Flycatcher.. Empidonax alnorum. Ash-throated Myiarchus Flycatcher. cinerascens. Asian Brown Muscicapa Flycatcher. dauurica. Brown-crested Myiarchus Flycatcher. tyrannulus. Buff-breasted Empidonax Flycatcher. fulvifrons. Crowned Slaty Empidonomus Flycatcher. aurantioatrocrist atus. Dark-sided Muscicapa Flycatcher. sibirica. Dusky Flycatcher.. Empidonax oberholseri. Dusky-capped Myiarchus Flycatcher. tuberculifer. Fork-tailed Tyrannus savana. Flycatcher. Gray Flycatcher... Empidonax wrightii. Gray-streaked Muscicapa Flycatcher. griseisticta. Great Crested Myiarchus Flycatcher. crinitus. Hammond's Empidonax Flycatcher. hammondii. La Sagra's Myiarchus sagrae. Flycatcher. Least Flycatcher.. Empidonax minimus. Mugimaki Ficedula mugimaki. Flycatcher. Narcissus Ficedula Flycatcher. narcissina. Nutting's Myiarchus Flycatcher. nuttingi. Olive-sided Contopus cooperi. Flycatcher. Pine Flycatcher... Empidonax affinis. Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius. Puerto Rican Myiarchus Flycatcher. antillarum. Scissor-tailed Tyrannus Flycatcher. forficatus. Social Flycatcher. Myiozetetes similis. Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata. Sulphur-bellied Myiodynastes Flycatcher. luteiventris. Taiga Flycatcher.. Ficedula albicilla. Tawny Tufted Mitrephanes Flycatcher. phaeocercus. Variegated Empidonomus Flycatcher. varius. Vermilion Pyrocephalus Flycatcher. rubinus. Western Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis. Willow Flycatcher. Empidonax traillii. Yellow-bellied Empidonax Flycatcher. flaviventris. Forest-Falcon................... Collared Forest- Micrastur Falcon. semitorquatus. Frigatebird..................... Great Frigatebird. Fregata minor. Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel. Magnificent Fregata Frigatebird. magnificens. Fruit-Dove...................... Crimson-crowned Ptilinopus Fruit-Dove. porphyraceus. Many-colored Fruit- Ptilinopus Dove. perousii. Mariana Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus roseicapilla. Fulmar.......................... Northern Fulmar... Fulmarus glacialis. Gadwall......................... Gadwall........... Mareca strepera. [[Page 62422]] Gallinule....................... Azure Gallinule... Porphyrio flavirostris. Common Gallinule.. Gallinula galeata. Purple Gallinule.. Porphyrio martinicus. Gannet.......................... Northern Gannet... Morus bassanus. Garganey........................ Garganey.......... Spatula querquedula. Giant-Petrel.................... Northern Giant- Macronectes halli. Petrel. Gnatcatcher..................... Black-capped Polioptila Gnatcatcher. nigriceps. Black-tailed Polioptila Gnatcatcher. melanura. Blue-Gray Polioptila Gnatcatcher. caerulea. California Polioptila Gnatcatcher. californica. Godwit.......................... Bar-tailed Godwit. Limosa lapponica. Black-tailed Limosa limosa. Godwit. Hudsonian Godwit.. Limosa haemastica. Marbled Godwit.... Limosa fedoa. Goldeneye....................... Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica. Common Goldeneye.. Bucephala clangula. Golden-Plover................... American Golden- Pluvialis Plover. dominica. European Golden- Pluvialis Plover. apricaria. Pacific Golden- Pluvialis fulva. Plover. Goldfinch....................... American Goldfinch Spinus tristis. Lawrence's Spinus lawrencei. Goldfinch. Lesser Goldfinch.. Spinus psaltria. Goose........................... Barnacle Goose.... Branta leucopsis. Cackling Goose.... Branta hutchinsii. Canada Goose...... Branta canadensis. Emperor Goose..... Anser canagicus. Greater White- Anser albifrons. fronted Goose. Hawaiian Goose.... Branta sandvicensis. Lesser White- Anser erythropus. fronted Goose. Pink-footed Goose. Anser brachyrhynchus. Ross's Goose...... Anser rossii. Snow Goose........ Anser caerulescens. Goshawk......................... American Goshawk.. Astur atricapillus. Grackle......................... Boat-tailed Quiscalus major. Grackle. Common Grackle.... Quiscalus quiscula. Greater Antillean Quiscalus niger. Grackle. Great-tailed Quiscalus Grackle. mexicanus. Grassquit....................... Black-faced Melanospiza Grassquit. bicolor. Blue-black Volatinia Grassquit. jacarina. Yellow-faced Tiaris olivaceus. Grassquit. Grebe........................... Clark's Grebe..... Aechmophorus clarkii. Eared Grebe....... Podiceps nigricollis. Horned Grebe...... Podiceps auritus. Least Grebe....... Tachybaptus dominicus. Pied-billed Grebe. Podilymbus podiceps. Red-necked Grebe.. Podiceps grisegena. Western Grebe..... Aechmophorus occidentalis. Greenfinch...................... Oriental Chloris sinica. Greenfinch. Greenshank...................... Common Greenshank. Tringa nebularia. Nordmann's Tringa guttifer. Greenshank. Grosbeak........................ Black-headed Pheucticus Grosbeak. melanocephalus. Blue Grosbeak..... Passerina caerulea. Crimson-collared Periporphyrus Grosbeak. celaeno. Evening Grosbeak.. Coccothraustes vespertinus. Pine Grosbeak..... Pinicola enucleator. Rose-breasted Pheucticus Grosbeak. ludovicianus. Yellow Grosbeak... Pheucticus chrysopeplus. Guillemot....................... Black Guillemot... Cepphus grylle. Pigeon Guillemot.. Cepphus columba. Gull............................ American Herring Larus Gull. smithsonianus. Belcher's Gull.... Larus belcheri. Black-headed Gull. Chroicocephalus ridibundus. Black-tailed Gull. Larus crassirostris. Bonaparte's Gull.. Chroicocephalus philadelphia. California Gull... Larus californicus. Common Gull....... Larus canus. European Herring Larus argentatus. Gull. Franklin's Gull... Leucophaeus pipixcan. Glaucous Gull..... Larus hyperboreus. Glaucous-winged Larus glaucescens. Gull. Gray Gull......... Leucophaeus modestus. [[Page 62423]] Gray-hooded Gull.. Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus. Great Black-backed Larus marinus. Gull. Heermann's Gull... Larus heermanni. Iceland Gull...... Larus glaucoides. Ivory Gull........ Pagophila eburnea. Kelp Gull......... Larus dominicanus. Laughing Gull..... Leucophaeus atricilla. Lesser Black- Larus fuscus. backed Gull. Little Gull....... Hydrocoloeus minutus. Pallas's Gull..... Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus. Ring-billed Gull.. Larus delawarensis. Ross's Gull....... Rhodostethia rosea. Sabine's Gull..... Xema sabini. Short-billed Gull. Larus brachyrhynchus. Slaty-backed Gull. Larus schistisagus. Swallow-tailed Creagrus furcatus. Gull. Vega Gull......... Larus vegae. Western Gull...... Larus occidentalis. Yellow-footed Gull Larus livens. Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis. Gyrfalcon....................... Gyrfalcon......... Falco rusticolus. Harrier......................... Eastern Marsh Circus spilonotus. Harrier. Hen Harrier....... Circus cyaneus. Northern Harrier.. Circus hudsonius. Western Marsh Circus Harrier. aeruginosus. Hawfinch........................ Hawfinch.......... Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Hawk............................ Broad-winged Hawk. Buteo platypterus. Common Black Hawk. Buteogallus anthracinus. Cooper's Hawk..... Astur cooperii. Crane Hawk........ Geranospiza caerulescens. Ferruginous Hawk.. Buteo regalis. Gray Hawk......... Buteo plagiatus. Great Black Hawk.. Buteogallus urubitinga. Harris's Hawk..... Parabuteo unicinctus. Hawaiian Hawk..... Buteo solitarius. Red-shouldered Buteo lineatus. Hawk. Red-tailed Hawk... Buteo jamaicensis. Roadside Hawk..... Rupornis magnirostris. Rough-legged Hawk. Buteo lagopus. Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus. Short-tailed Hawk. Buteo brachyurus. Swainson's Hawk... Buteo swainsoni. White-tailed Hawk. Geranoaetus albicaudatus. Zone-tailed Hawk.. Buteo albonotatus. Hawk-Cuckoo..................... Hodgson's Hawk- Hierococcyx Cuckoo. nisicolor. Heron........................... Black-crowned Nycticorax Night Heron. nycticorax. Gray Heron........ Ardea cinerea. Great Blue Heron.. Ardea herodias. Green Heron....... Butorides virescens. Japanese Night Gorsachius Heron. goisagi. Little Blue Heron. Egretta caerulea. Malayan Night Gorsachius Heron. melanolophus. Nankeen Night Nycticorax Heron. caledonicus. Tricolored Heron.. Egretta tricolor. Yellow-crowned Nyctanassa Night Heron. violacea. Hobby........................... Eurasian Hobby.... Falco subbuteo. Honey-buzzard................... Oriental Honey- Pernis buzzard. ptilorhynchus. Honeycreeper.................... Laysan Himatione Honeycreeper. fraithii. Red-legged Cyanerpes cyaneus. Honeycreeper. Hoopoe.......................... Common Hoopoe..... Upupa epops. House-Martin.................... Siberian House- Delichon Martin. lagopodum. Hummingbird..................... Allen's Selasphorus sasin. Hummingbird. Anna's Hummingbird Calypte anna. Antillean Crested Orthorhyncus Hummingbird. cristatus. Berylline Saucerottia Hummingbird. beryllina. Black-chinned Archilochus Hummingbird. alexandri. Broad-billed Cynanthus Hummingbird. latirostris. Broad-tailed Selasphorus Hummingbird. platycercus. Buff-bellied Amazilia Hummingbird. yucatanensis. Bumblebee Selasphorus Hummingbird. heloisa. Calliope Selasphorus Hummingbird. calliope. [[Page 62424]] Cinnamon Amazilia rutila. Hummingbird. Costa's Calypte costae. Hummingbird. Lucifer Calothorax Hummingbird. lucifer. Rivoli's Eugenes fulgens. Hummingbird. Ruby-throated Archilochus Hummingbird. colubris. Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus. Vervain Mellisuga minima. Hummingbird. Violet-crowned Ramosomyia Hummingbird. violiceps. White-eared Basilinna Hummingbird. leucotis. Xantus's Basilinna Hummingbird. xantusii. Ibis............................ Glossy Ibis....... Plegadis falcinellus. Scarlet Ibis...... Eudocimus ruber. White Ibis........ Eudocimus albus. White-faced Ibis.. Plegadis chihi. [revaps]I[revaps]iwi............ [revaps]I[revaps]i Drepanis coccinea. wi. Imperial-Pigeon................. Pacific Imperial- Ducula pacifica. Pigeon. Jabiru.......................... Jabiru............ Jabiru mycteria. Jacana.......................... Northern Jacana... Jacana spinosa. Jackdaw......................... Eurasian Jackdaw.. Coloeus monedula. Jaeger.......................... Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus. Parasitic Jaeger.. Stercorarius parasiticus. Pomarine Jaeger... Stercorarius pomarinus. Jay............................. Blue Jay.......... Cyanocitta cristata. Brown Jay......... Cyanocorax morio. Canada Jay........ Perisoreus canadensis. Green Jay......... Cyanocorax yncas. Mexican Jay....... Aphelocoma wollweberi. Pinyon Jay........ Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus. Steller's Jay..... Cyanocitta stelleri. Junco........................... Dark-eyed Junco... Junco hyemalis. Yellow-eyed Junco. Junco phaeonotus. K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie........... Kakawahie......... Paroreomyza flammea. K[amacr]ma[revaps]o............. Kama[revaps]o..... Myadestes myadestinus. Kestrel......................... American Kestrel.. Falco sparverius. Eurasian Kestrel.. Falco tinnunculus. Killdeer........................ Killdeer.......... Charadrius vociferus. Kingbird........................ Cassin's Kingbird. Tyrannus vociferans. Couch's Kingbird.. Tyrannus couchii. Eastern Kingbird.. Tyrannus tyrannus. Gray Kingbird..... Tyrannus dominicensis. Loggerhead Tyrannus Kingbird. caudifasciatus. Thick-billed Tyrannus Kingbird. crassirostris. Tropical Kingbird. Tyrannus melancholicus. Western Kingbird.. Tyrannus verticalis. Kingfisher...................... Amazon Kingfisher. Chloroceryle amazona. Belted Kingfisher. Megaceryle alcyon. Common Kingfisher. Alcedo atthis. Green Kingfisher.. Chloroceryle americana. Guam Kingfisher... Todiramphus cinnamominus. Mariana Kingfisher Todiramphus albicilla. Pacific Kingfisher Todiramphus sacer. Ringed Kingfisher. Megaceryle torquata. Kinglet......................... Golden-crowned Regulus satrapa. Kinglet. Ruby-crowned Corthylio Kinglet. calendula. Kiskadee........................ Great Kiskadee.... Pitangus sulphuratus. Kite............................ Black Kite........ Milvus migrans. Double-toothed Harpagus Kite. bidentatus. Hook-billed Kite.. Chondrohierax uncinatus. Mississippi Kite.. Ictinia mississippiensis. Snail Kite........ Rostrhamus sociabilis. Swallow-tailed Elanoides Kite. forficatus. White-tailed Kite. Elanus leucurus. Kittiwake....................... Black-legged Rissa tridactyla. Kittiwake. Red-legged Rissa Kittiwake. brevirostris. Knot............................ Great Knot........ Calidris tenuirostris. Red Knot.......... Calidris canutus. Koel............................ Long-tailed Koel.. Urodynamis taitensis. Lapwing......................... Northern Lapwing.. Vanellus vanellus. Southern Lapwing.. Vanellus chilensis. Lark............................ Horned Lark....... Eremophila alpestris. Limpkin......................... Limpkin........... Aramus guarauna. [[Page 62425]] Lizard-Cuckoo................... Puerto Rican Coccyzus Lizard-Cuckoo. vieilloti. Longspur........................ Chestnut-collared Calcarius ornatus. Longspur. Lapland Longspur.. Calcarius lapponicus. Smith's Longspur.. Calcarius pictus. Thick-billed Rhynchophanes Longspur. mccownii. Loon............................ Arctic Loon....... Gavia arctica. Common Loon....... Gavia immer. Pacific Loon...... Gavia pacifica. Red-throated Loon. Gavia stellata. Yellow-billed Loon Gavia adamsii. Magpie.......................... Black-billed Pica hudsonia. Magpie. Yellow-billed Pica nuttalli. Magpie. Mallard......................... Mallard........... Anas platyrhynchos. Mango........................... Puerto Rican Mango Anthracothorax aurulentus. Green Mango....... Anthracothorax viridis. Green-breasted Anthracothorax Mango. prevostii. Marsh-Wren...................... Eastern Marsh-Wren Cistothorus palustris. Western Marsh-Wren Cistothorus paludicola. Martin.......................... Brown-chested Progne tapera. Martin. Caribbean Martin.. Progne dominicensis. Cuban Martin...... Progne cryptoleuca. Gray-breasted Progne chalybea. Martin. Purple Martin..... Progne subis. Southern Martin... Progne elegans. Meadowlark...................... Chihuahuan Sturnella Meadowlark. lilianae. Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna. Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta. Merganser....................... Common Merganser.. Mergus merganser. Hooded Merganser.. Lophodytes cucullatus. Red-breasted Mergus serrator. Merganser. Merlin.......................... Merlin............ Falco columbarius. Millerbird...................... Millerbird........ Acrocephalus familiaris. Mockingbird..................... Bahama Mockingbird Mimus gundlachii. Blue Mockingbird.. Melanotis caerulescens. Northern Mimus polyglottos. Mockingbird. Moorhen......................... Eurasian Moorhen.. Gallinula chloropus. Mountain-gem.................... Amethyst-throated Lampornis Mountain-gem. amethystinus. Blue-throated Lampornis Mountain-gem. clemenciae. Murre........................... Common Murre...... Uria aalge. Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia. Murrelet........................ Ancient Murrelet.. Synthliboramphus antiquus. Craveri's Murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri. Guadalupe Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus. Kittlitz's Brachyramphus Murrelet. brevirostris. Long-billed Brachyramphus Murrelet. perdix. Marbled Murrelet.. Brachyramphus marmoratus. Scripps's Murrelet Synthliboramphus scrippsi. Needletail...................... White-throated Hirundapus Needletail. caudacutus. Nighthawk....................... Antillean Chordeiles Nighthawk. gundlachii. Common Nighthawk.. Chordeiles minor. Lesser Nighthawk.. Chordeiles acutipennis. Nightingale-Thrush.............. Black-headed Catharus Nightingale- mexicanus. Thrush. Orange-billed Catharus Nightingale- aurantiirostris. Thrush. Nightjar........................ Buff-collared Antrostomus Nightjar. ridgwayi. Gray Nightjar..... Caprimulgus jotaka. Puerto Rican Antrostomus Nightjar. noctitherus. White-tailed Hydropsalis Nightjar. cayennensis. Noddy........................... Black Noddy....... Anous minutus. Blue-gray Noddy... Anous ceruleus. Brown Noddy....... Anous stolidus. Nukupu[revaps]u................. Kauai Hemignathus Nukupu[revaps]u. hanapepe. Maui Hemignathus Nukupu[revaps]u. affinis. O[revaps]ahu Hemignathus Nukupu[revaps]u. lucidus. Nutcracker...................... Clark's Nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana. Nuthatch........................ Brown-headed Sitta pusilla. Nuthatch. Pygmy Nuthatch.... Sitta pygmaea. Red-breasted Sitta canadensis. Nuthatch. White-breasted Sitta Nuthatch. carolinensis. Oloma[revaps]o.................. Oloma[revaps]o.... Myadestes lanaiensis. [revaps][Omacr]ma[revaps]o...... [revaps][Omacr]ma[ Myadestes revaps]o. obscurus. Oriole.......................... Altamira Oriole... Icterus gularis. [[Page 62426]] Audubon's Oriole.. Icterus graduacauda. Baltimore Oriole.. Icterus galbula. Black-backed Icterus abeillei. Oriole. Black-vented Icterus wagleri. Oriole. Bullock's Oriole.. Icterus bullockii. Hooded Oriole..... Icterus cucullatus. Orchard Oriole.... Icterus spurius. Puerto Rican Icterus Oriole. portoricensis. Scott's Oriole.... Icterus parisorum. Streak-backed Icterus Oriole. pustulatus. Osprey.......................... Osprey............ Pandion haliaetus. [revaps][Omacr][revaps][umacr].. [revaps][Omacr][re Psittirostra vaps][umacr]. psittacea. Ovenbird........................ Ovenbird.......... Seiurus aurocapilla. Owl............................. American Barn Owl. Tyto furcata. Barred Owl........ Strix varia. Boreal Owl........ Aegolius funereus. Burrowing Owl..... Athene cunicularia. Elf Owl........... Micrathene whitneyi. Flammulated Owl... Psiloscops flammeolus. Great Gray Owl.... Strix nebulosa. Great Horned Owl.. Bubo virginianus. Long-eared Owl.... Asio otus. Mottled Owl....... Strix virgata. Northern Hawk Owl. Surnia ulula. Northern Saw-whet Aegolius acadicus. Owl. Puerto Rican Owl.. Gymnasio nudipes. Short-eared Owl... Asio flammeus. Snowy Owl......... Bubo scandiacus. Spotted Owl....... Strix occidentalis. Stygian Owl....... Asio stygius. Oystercatcher................... American Haematopus Oystercatcher. palliatus. Black Haematopus Oystercatcher. bachmani. Eurasian Haematopus Oystercatcher. ostralegus. Palila.......................... Palila............ Loxioides bailleui. Palm-Swift...................... Antillean Palm- Tachornis Swift. phoenicobia. Parrotbill...................... Maui Parrotbill... Pseudonestor xanthophrys. Parula.......................... Northern Parula... Setophaga americana. Tropical Parula... Setophaga pitiayumi. Pauraque........................ Common Pauraque... Nyctidromus albicollis. Pelican......................... American White Pelecanus Pelican. erythrorhynchos. Brown Pelican..... Pelecanus occidentalis. Petrel.......................... Bermuda Petrel.... Pterodroma cahow. Black-capped Pterodroma Petrel. hasitata. Black-winged Pterodroma Petrel. nigripennis. Bonin Petrel...... Pterodroma hypoleuca. Bulwer's Petrel... Bulweria bulwerii. Cook's Petrel..... Pterodroma cookii. Desertas Petrel... Pterodroma deserta. Gould's Petrel.... Pterodroma leucoptera. Gray-faced Petrel. Pterodroma gouldi. Hawaiian Petrel... Pterodroma sandwichensis. Herald Petrel..... Pterodroma heraldica. Jouanin's Petrel.. Bulweria fallax. Juan Fernandez Pterodroma Petrel. externa. Kermadec Petrel... Pterodroma neglecta. Mottled Petrel.... Pterodroma inexpectata. Murphy's Petrel... Pterodroma ultima. Parkinson's Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni. Phoenix Petrel.... Pterodroma alba. Providence Petrel. Pterodroma solandri. Stejneger's Petrel Pterodroma longirostris. Tahiti Petrel..... Pseudobulweria rostrata. Trindade Petrel... Pterodroma arminjoniana. White-chinned Procellaria Petrel. aequinoctialis. White-necked Pterodroma Petrel. cervicalis. Zino's Petrel..... Pterodroma madeira. Pewee........................... Cuban Pewee....... Contopus caribaeus. Greater Pewee..... Contopus pertinax. Hispaniolan Pewee. Contopus hispaniolensis. Lesser Antillean Contopus Pewee. latirostris. Phainopepla..................... Phainopepla....... Phainopepla nitens. [[Page 62427]] Phalarope....................... Red Phalarope..... Phalaropus fulicarius. Red-necked Phalaropus Phalarope. lobatus. Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor. Phoebe.......................... Black Phoebe...... Sayornis nigricans. Eastern Phoebe.... Sayornis phoebe. Say's Phoebe...... Sayornis saya. Pigeon.......................... Band-tailed Pigeon Patagioenas fasciata. Plain Pigeon...... Patagioenas inornata. Red-billed Pigeon. Patagioenas flavirostris. Scaly-naped Pigeon Patagioenas squamosa. White-crowned Patagioenas Pigeon. leucocephala. Pintail......................... Northern Pintail.. Anas acuta. White-cheeked Anas bahamensis. Pintail. Pipit........................... American Pipit.... Anthus rubescens. Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni. Pechora Pipit..... Anthus gustavi. Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus. Siberian Pipit.... Anthus japonicus. Sprague's Pipit... Anthus spragueii. Tree Pipit........ Anthus trivialis. Plover.......................... Black-bellied Pluvialis Plover. squatarola. Collared Plover... Anarhynchus collaris. Common Ringed Charadrius Plover. hiaticula. Kentish Plover.... Anarhynchus alexandrinus. Little Ringed Thinornis dubius. Plover. Mountain Plover... Anarhynchus montanus. Piping Plover..... Charadrius melodus. Semipalmated Charadrius Plover. semipalmatus. Snowy Plover...... Anarhynchus nivosus. Wilson's Plover... Anarhynchus wilsonia. Pochard......................... Baer's Pochard.... Aythya baeri. Common Pochard.... Aythya ferina. Pond-Heron...................... Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus. Poorwill........................ Common Poorwill... Phalaenoptilus nuttallii. Po[revaps]ouli.................. Po[revaps]ouli.... Melamprosops phaeosoma. Puaiohi......................... Puaiohi........... Myadestes palmeri. Puffin.......................... Atlantic Puffin... Fratercula arctica. Horned Puffin..... Fratercula corniculata. Tufted Puffin..... Fratercula cirrhata. Pygmy-Owl....................... Ferruginous Pygmy- Glaucidium Owl. brasilianum. Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium gnoma. Pyrrhuloxia..................... Pyrrhuloxia....... Cardinalis sinuatus. Quail-Dove...................... Bridled Quail-Dove Geotrygon mystacea. Key West Quail- Geotrygon chrysia. Dove. Ruddy Quail-Dove.. Geotrygon montana. Quetzal......................... Eared Quetzal..... Euptilotis neoxenus. Rail............................ Black Rail........ Laterallus jamaicensis. Buff-banded Rail.. Gallirallus philippensis. Clapper Rail...... Rallus crepitans. Guam Rail......... Gallirallus owstoni. King Rail......... Rallus elegans. Ridgway's Rail.... Rallus obsoletus. Spotted Rail...... Pardirallus maculatus. Virginia Rail..... Rallus limicola. Yellow Rail....... Coturnicops noveboracensis. Raven........................... Chihuahuan Raven.. Corvus cryptoleucus. Common Raven...... Corvus corax. Razorbill....................... Razorbill......... Alca torda. Redhead......................... Redhead........... Aythya americana. Redpoll......................... Redpoll........... Acanthis flammea. Redshank........................ Common Redshank... Tringa totanus. Spotted Redshank.. Tringa erythropus. Redstart........................ American Redstart. Setophaga ruticilla. Common Redstart... Phoenicurus phoenicurus. Redwing......................... Redwing........... Turdus iliacus. Reef-Heron...................... Pacific Reef-Heron Egretta sacra. Western Reef-Heron Egretta gularis. Roadrunner...................... Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus. Robin........................... American Robin.... Turdus migratorius. European Robin.... Erithacus rubecula. Rufous-backed Turdus Robin. rufopalliatus. [[Page 62428]] Rufous-tailed Larvivora Robin. sibilans. Siberian Blue Larvivora cyane. Robin. Rock-Thrush..................... Blue Rock-Thrush.. Monticola solitarius. Rufous-tailed Rock- Monticola thrush. saxatilis. Rosefinch....................... Common Rosefinch.. Carpodacus erythrinus. Pallas's Rosefinch Carpodacus roseus. Rosy-Finch...................... Asian Rosy-Finch.. Leucosticte arctoa. Black Rosy-Finch.. Leucosticte atrata. Brown-capped Rosy- Leucosticte Finch. australis. Gray-crowned Rosy- Leucosticte Finch. tephrocotis. Rubythroat...................... Siberian Calliope calliope. Rubythroat. Ruff............................ Ruff.............. Calidris pugnax. Sanderling...................... Sanderling........ Calidris alba. Sandpiper....................... Baird's Sandpiper. Calidris bairdii. Broad-billed Calidris Sandpiper. falcinellus. Buff-breasted Calidris Sandpiper. subruficollis. Common Sandpiper.. Actitis hypoleucos. Curlew Sandpiper.. Calidris ferruginea. Green Sandpiper... Tringa ochropus. Least Sandpiper... Calidris minutilla. Marsh Sandpiper... Tringa stagnatilis. Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos. Purple Sandpiper.. Calidris maritima. Rock Sandpiper.... Calidris ptilocnemis. Semipalmated Calidris pusilla. Sandpiper. Sharp-tailed Calidris Sandpiper. acuminata. Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria. Spoon-billed Calidris pygmea. Sandpiper. Spotted Sandpiper. Actitis macularius. Stilt Sandpiper... Calidris himantopus. Terek Sandpiper... Xenus cinereus. Upland Sandpiper.. Bartramia longicauda. Western Sandpiper. Calidris mauri. White-rumped Calidris Sandpiper. fuscicollis. Wood Sandpiper.... Tringa glareola. Sand-Plover..................... Greater Sand- Anarhynchus Plover. leschenaultii. Siberian Sand- Anarhynchus Plover. mongolus. Sapsucker....................... Red-breasted Sphyrapicus ruber. Sapsucker. Red-naped Sphyrapicus Sapsucker. nuchalis. Williamson's Sphyrapicus Sapsucker. thyroideus. Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus Sapsucker. varius. Scaup........................... Greater Scaup..... Aythya marila. Lesser Scaup...... Aythya affinis. Scops-Owl....................... Oriental Scops-Owl Otus sunia. Scoter.......................... Black Scoter...... Melanitta americana. Common Scoter..... Melanitta nigra. Stejneger's Scoter Melanitta stejnegeri. Surf Scoter....... Melanitta perspicillata. White-winged Melanitta Scoter. deglandi. Screech-Owl..................... Eastern Screech- Megascops asio. Owl. Western Screech- Megascops Owl. kennicottii. Whiskered Screech- Megascops Owl. trichopsis. Scrub-Jay....................... California Scrub- Aphelocoma Jay. californica. Florida Scrub-Jay. Aphelocoma coerulescens. Island Scrub-Jay.. Aphelocoma insularis. Woodhouse's Scrub- Aphelocoma Jay. woodhouseii. Sea-Eagle....................... Steller's Sea- Haliaeetus Eagle. pelagicus. Seedeater....................... Morelet's Sporophila Seedeater. morelleti. Shearwater...................... Barolo Shearwater. Puffinus baroli. Black-vented Puffinus Shearwater. opisthomelas. Bryan's Shearwater Puffinus bryani. Buller's Ardenna bulleri. Shearwater. Cape Verde Calonectris Shearwater. edwardsii. Christmas Puffinus Shearwater. nativitatis. Cory's Shearwater. Calonectris borealis. Flesh-footed Ardenna carneipes. Shearwater. Great Shearwater.. Ardenna gravis. Manx Shearwater... Puffinus puffinus. Newell's Puffinus newelli. Shearwater. Pink-footed Ardenna creatopus. Shearwater. Sargasso Puffinus Shearwater. lherminieri. [[Page 62429]] Scopoli's Calonectris Shearwater. diomedea. Short-tailed Ardenna Shearwater. tenuirostris. Sooty Shearwater.. Ardenna grisea. Streaked Calonectris Shearwater. leucomelas. Wedge-tailed Ardenna pacifica. Shearwater. Shoveler........................ Northern Shoveler. Spatula clypeata. Shrike.......................... Brown Shrike...... Lanius cristatus. Loggerhead Shrike. Lanius ludovicianus. Northern Shrike... Lanius borealis. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurio. Silky-Flycatcher................ Gray Silky- Ptiliogonys Flycatcher. cinereus. Siskin.......................... Eurasian Siskin... Spinus spinus. Pine Siskin....... Spinus pinus. Skimmer......................... Black Skimmer..... Rynchops niger. Skua............................ Great Skua........ Stercorarius skua. South Polar Skua.. Stercorarius maccormicki. Skylark......................... Eurasian Skylark.. Alauda arvensis. Smew............................ Smew.............. Mergellus albellus. Snipe........................... Common Snipe...... Gallinago gallinago. Jack Snipe........ Lymnocryptes minimus. Pin-tailed Snipe.. Gallinago stenura. Solitary Snipe.... Gallinago solitaria. Swinhoe's Snipe... Gallinago megala. Wilson's Snipe.... Gallinago delicata. Solitaire....................... Brown-backed Myadestes Solitaire. occidentalis. Townsend's Myadestes Solitaire. townsendi. Sora............................ Sora.............. Porzana carolina. Sparrow......................... American Tree Spizelloides Sparrow. arborea. Bachman's Sparrow. Peucaea aestivalis. Baird's Sparrow... Centronyx bairdii. Bell's Sparrow.... Artemisiospiza belli. Black-chinned Spizella Sparrow. atrogularis. Black-throated Amphispiza Sparrow. bilineata. Botteri's Sparrow. Peucaea botterii. Brewer's Sparrow.. Spizella breweri. Cassin's Sparrow.. Peucaea cassinii. Chipping Sparrow.. Spizella passerina. Clay-colored Spizella pallida. Sparrow. Field Sparrow..... Spizella pusilla. Five-striped Amphispizopsis Sparrow. quinquestriata. Fox Sparrow....... Passerella iliaca. Golden-crowned Zonotrichia Sparrow. atricapilla. Grasshopper Ammodramus Sparrow. savannarum. Harris's Sparrow.. Zonotrichia querula. Henslow's Sparrow. Centronyx henslowii. Lark Sparrow...... Chondestes grammacus. LeConte's Sparrow. Ammospiza leconteii. Lincoln's Sparrow. Melospiza lincolnii. Nelson's Sparrow.. Ammospiza nelsoni. Olive Sparrow..... Arremonops rufivirgatus. Rufous-crowned Aimophila Sparrow. ruficeps. Rufous-winged Peucaea carpalis. Sparrow. Sagebrush Sparrow. Artemisiospiza nevadensis. Saltmarsh Sparrow. Ammospiza caudacuta. Savannah Sparrow.. Passerculus sandwichensis. Seaside Sparrow... Ammospiza maritima. Song Sparrow...... Melospiza melodia. Swamp Sparrow..... Melospiza georgiana. Vesper Sparrow.... Pooecetes gramineus. White-crowned Zonotrichia Sparrow. leucophrys. White-throated Zonotrichia Sparrow. albicollis. Worthen's Sparrow. Spizella wortheni. Sparrowhawk..................... Chinese Tachyspiza Sparrowhawk. soloensis. Eurasian Accipiter nisus. Sparrowhawk. Japanese Accipiter gularis. Sparrowhawk. Spindalis....................... Puerto Rican Spindalis Spindalis. portoricensis. Western Spindalis. Spindalis zena. Spoonbill....................... Roseate Spoonbill. Platalea ajaja. Starling........................ Chestnut-cheeked Agropsar Starling. philippensis. White-cheeked Spodiopsar Starling. cineraceus. Starthroat...................... Plain-capped Heliomaster Starthroat. constantii. [[Page 62430]] Stilt........................... Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus. Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus. Stint........................... Little Stint...... Calidris minuta. Long-toed Stint... Calidris subminuta. Red-necked Stint.. Calidris ruficollis. Temminck's Stint.. Calidris temminckii. Stonechat....................... Asian Stonechat... Saxicola maurus. Stork........................... Wood Stork........ Mycteria americana. Storm-Petrel.................... Ainley's Storm- Hydrobates Petrel. cheimomnestes. Ashy Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates homochroa. Band-rumped Storm- Hydrobates castro. Petrel. Black Storm-Petrel Hydrobates melania. Black-bellied Fregetta tropica. Storm-Petrel. European Storm- Hydrobates Petrel. pelagicus. Fork-tailed Storm- Hydrobates Petrel. furcatus. Leach's Storm- Hydrobates Petrel. leucorhous. Least Storm-Petrel Hydrobates microsoma. Matsudaira's Storm- Hydrobates Petrel. matsudairae. Polynesian Storm- Nesofregetta Petrel. fuliginosa. Ringed Storm- Hydrobates Petrel. hornbyi. Swinhoe's Storm- Hydrobates Petrel. monorhis. Townsend's Storm- Hydrobates Petrel. socorroensis. Tristram's Storm- Hydrobates Petrel. tristrami. Wedge-rumped Storm- Hydrobates tethys. Petrel. White-bellied Fregetta Storm-Petrel. grallaria. White-faced Storm- Pelagodroma Petrel. marina. Wilson's Storm- Oceanites Petrel. oceanicus. Surfbird........................ Surfbird.......... Calidris virgata. Swallow......................... Bahama Swallow.... Tachycineta cyaneoviridis. Bank Swallow...... Riparia riparia. Barn Swallow...... Hirundo rustica. Blue-and-white Pygochelidon Swallow. cyanoleuca. Cave Swallow...... Petrochelidon fulva. Cliff Swallow..... Petrochelidon pyrrhonota. Mangrove Swallow.. Tachycineta albilinea. Northern Rough- Stelgidopteryx winged Swallow. serripennis. Tree Swallow...... Tachycineta bicolor. Violet-green Tachycineta Swallow. thalassina. Swamphen........................ Purple Swamphen... Porphyrio porphyrio. Swan............................ Trumpeter Swan.... Cygnus buccinator. Tundra Swan....... Cygnus columbianus. Whooper Swan...... Cygnus cygnus. Swift........................... Alpine Swift...... Tachymarptis melba. Black Swift....... Cypseloides niger. Chimney Swift..... Chaetura pelagica. Common Swift...... Apus apus. Fork-tailed Swift. Apus pacificus. Short-tailed Swift Chaetura brachyura. Vaux's Swift...... Chaetura vauxi. White-collared Streptoprocne Swift. zonaris. White-throated Aeronautes Swift. saxatalis. Swiftlet........................ Mariana Swiftlet.. Aerodramus bartschi. White-rumped Aerodramus Swiftlet. spodiopygius. Tanager......................... Flame-colored Piranga bidentata. Tanager. Hepatic Tanager... Piranga flava. Puerto Rican Nesospingus Tanager. speculiferus. Scarlet Tanager... Piranga olivacea. Summer Tanager.... Piranga rubra. Western Tanager... Piranga ludoviciana. Tattler......................... Gray-tailed Tringa brevipes. Tattler. Wandering Tattler. Tringa incana. Teal............................ Baikal Teal....... Sibirionetta formosa. Blue-winged Teal.. Spatula discors. Cinnamon Teal..... Spatula cyanoptera. Green-winged Teal. Anas crecca. Tern............................ Aleutian Tern..... Onychoprion aleuticus. Arctic Tern....... Sterna paradisaea. Black Tern........ Chlidonias niger. Black-naped Tern.. Sterna sumatrana. Bridled Tern...... Onychoprion anaethetus. Caspian Tern...... Hydroprogne caspia. [[Page 62431]] Common Tern....... Sterna hirundo. Elegant Tern...... Thalasseus elegans. Forster's Tern.... Sterna forsteri. Gray-backed Tern.. Onychoprion lunatus. Great Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii. Gull-billed Tern.. Gelochelidon nilotica. Inca Tern......... Larosterna inca. Large-billed Tern. Phaetusa simplex. Least Tern........ Sternula antillarum. Little Tern....... Sternula albifrons. Roseate Tern...... Sterna dougallii. Royal Tern........ Thalasseus maximus. Sandwich Tern..... Thalasseus sandvicensis. Sooty Tern........ Onychoprion fuscatus. Whiskered Tern.... Chlidonias hybrida. White-winged Tern. Chlidonias leucopterus. Thrasher........................ Bendire's Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei. Brown Thrasher.... Toxostoma rufum. California Toxostoma Thrasher. redivivum. Crissal Thrasher.. Toxostoma crissale. Curve-billed Toxostoma Thrasher. curvirostre. LeConte's Thrasher Toxostoma lecontei. Long-billed Toxostoma Thrasher. longirostre. Pearly-eyed Margarops Thrasher. fuscatus. Sage Thrasher..... Oreoscoptes montanus. Thrush.......................... Aztec Thrush...... Ridgwayia pinicola. Bicknell's Thrush. Catharus bicknelli. Clay-colored Turdus grayi. Thrush. Dusky Thrush...... Turdus eunomus. Eastern Red-legged Turdus Thrush. ardosiaceus. Eyebrowed Thrush.. Turdus obscurus. Gray-cheeked Catharus minimus. Thrush. Hermit Thrush..... Catharus guttatus. Naumann's Thrush.. Turdus naumanni. Swainson's Thrush. Catharus ustulatus. Varied Thrush..... Ixoreus naevius. Western Red-legged Turdus plumbeus. Thrush. White-throated Turdus assimilis. Thrush. Wood Thrush....... Hylocichla mustelina. Tiger-Heron..................... Bare-throated Tigrisoma Tiger-Heron. mexicanum. Titmouse........................ Black-crested Baeolophus Titmouse. atricristatus. Bridled Titmouse.. Baeolophus wollweberi. Juniper Titmouse.. Baeolophus ridgwayi. Oak Titmouse...... Baeolophus inornatus. Tufted Titmouse... Baeolophus bicolor. Tityra.......................... Masked Tityra..... Tityra semifasciata. Towhee.......................... Abert's Towhee.... Melozone aberti. California Towhee. Melozone crissalis. Canyon Towhee..... Melozone fusca. Eastern Towhee.... Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Green-tailed Pipilo chlorurus. Towhee. Spotted Towhee.... Pipilo maculatus. Trogon.......................... Elegant Trogon.... Trogon elegans. Tropicbird...................... Red-billed Phaethon Tropicbird. aethereus. Red-tailed Phaethon Tropicbird. rubricauda. White-tailed Phaethon lepturus. Tropicbird. Turnstone....................... Black Turnstone... Arenaria melanocephala. Ruddy Turnstone... Arenaria interpres. Turtle-Dove..................... Oriental Turtle- Streptopelia Dove. orientalis. Veery........................... Veery............. Catharus fuscescens. Verdin.......................... Verdin............ Auriparus flaviceps. Violetear....................... Mexican Violetear. Colibri thalassinus. Vireo........................... Bell's Vireo...... Vireo bellii. Black-capped Vireo Vireo atricapilla. Black-whiskered Vireo altiloquus. Vireo. Blue-headed Vireo. Vireo solitarius. Cassin's Vireo.... Vireo cassinii. Cuban Vireo....... Vireo gundlachii. Gray Vireo........ Vireo vicinior. Hutton's Vireo.... Vireo huttoni. Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus. [[Page 62432]] Plumbeous Vireo... Vireo plumbeus. Puerto Rican Vireo Vireo latimeri. Red-eyed Vireo.... Vireo olivaceus. Thick-billed Vireo Vireo crassirostris. White-eyed Vireo.. Vireo griseus. Yellow-green Vireo Vireo flavoviridis. Yellow-throated Vireo flavifrons. Vireo. Yucatan Vireo..... Vireo magister. Vulture......................... Black Vulture..... Coragyps atratus. Turkey Vulture.... Cathartes aura. Wagtail......................... Citrine Wagtail... Motacilla citreola. Eastern Yellow Motacilla Wagtail. tschutschensis. Gray Wagtail...... Motacilla cinerea. White Wagtail..... Motacilla alba. Warbler......................... Adelaide's Warbler Setophaga adelaidae. Aguiguan Reed Acrocephalus Warbler. nijoi. Arctic Warbler.... Phylloscopus borealis. Bachman's Warbler. Vermivora bachmanii. Bay-breasted Setophaga Warbler. castanea. Black-and-white Mniotilta varia. Warbler. Blackburnian Setophaga fusca. Warbler. Blackpoll Warbler. Setophaga striata. Black-throated Setophaga Blue Warbler. caerulescens. Black-throated Setophaga Gray Warbler. nigrescens. Black-throated Setophaga virens. Green Warbler. Blue-winged Vermivora Warbler. cyanoptera. Blyth's Reed Acrocephalus Warbler. dumetorum. Canada Warbler.... Cardellina canadensis. Cape May Warbler.. Setophaga tigrina. Cerulean Warbler.. Setophaga cerulea. Chestnut-sided Setophaga Warbler. pensylvanica. Colima Warbler.... Leiothlypis crissalis. Connecticut Oporornis agilis. Warbler. Crescent-chested Oreothlypis Warbler. superciliosa. Dusky Warbler..... Phylloscopus fuscatus. Elfin-woods Setophaga angelae. Warbler. Fan-tailed Warbler Euthlypis lachrymosa. Golden-cheeked Setophaga Warbler. chrysoparia. Golden-crowned Basileuterus Warbler. culicivorus. Golden-winged Vermivora Warbler. chrysoptera. Grace's Warbler... Setophaga graciae. Hermit Warbler.... Setophaga occidentalis. Hooded Warbler.... Setophaga citrina. Icterine Warbler.. Hippolais icterina. Kamchatka Leaf Phylloscopus Warbler. examinandus. Kentucky Warbler.. Geothlypis formosa. Kirtland's Warbler Setophaga kirtlandii. Lanceolated Locustella Warbler. lanceolata. Lucy's Warbler.... Leiothlypis luciae. MacGillivray's Geothlypis Warbler. tolmiei. Magnolia Warbler.. Setophaga magnolia. Mangrove Warbler.. Setophaga petechia. Middendorff's Helopsaltes Grasshopper ochotensis. Warbler. Mourning Warbler.. Geothlypis philadelphia. Nashville Warbler. Leiothlypis ruficapilla. Nightingale Reed Acrocephalus Warbler. luscinius. Olive Warbler..... Peucedramus taeniatus. Orange-crowned Leiothlypis Warbler. celata. Pagan Reed Warbler Acrocephalus yamashinae. Pallas's Helopsaltes Grasshopper certhiola. Warbler. Pallas's Leaf Phylloscopus Warbler. proregulus. Palm Warbler...... Setophaga palmarum. Pine Warbler...... Setophaga pinus. Prairie Warbler... Setophaga discolor. Prothonotary Protonotaria Warbler. citrea. Red-faced Warbler. Cardellina rubrifrons. River Warbler..... Locustella fluviatilis. Rufous-capped Basileuterus Warbler. rufifrons. Saipan Reed Acrocephalus Warbler. hiwae. Sedge Warbler..... Acrocephalus schoenobaenus. Swainson's Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii. [[Page 62433]] Tennessee Warbler. Leiothlypis peregrina. Thick-billed Arundinax aedon. Warbler. Townsend's Warbler Setophaga townsendi. Virginia's Warbler Leiothlypis virginiae. Willow Warbler.... Phylloscopus trochilus. Wilson's Warbler.. Cardellina pusilla. Wood Warbler...... Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Worm-eating Helmitheros Warbler. vermivorum. Yellow Warbler.... Setophaga aestiva. Yellow-browed Phylloscopus Warbler. inornatus. Yellow-rumped Setophaga Warbler. coronata. Yellow-throated Setophaga Warbler. dominica. Warbling-Vireo.................. Western Warbling- Vireo swainsoni. Vireo. Eastern Warbling- Vireo gilvus. Vireo. Waterthrush..................... Louisiana Parkesia Waterthrush. motacilla. Northern Parkesia Waterthrush. noveboracensis. Waxwing......................... Bohemian Waxwing.. Bombycilla garrulus. Cedar Waxwing..... Bombycilla cedrorum. Wheatear........................ Northern Wheatear. Oenanthe oenanthe. Pied Wheatear..... Oenanthe pleschanka. Whimbrel........................ Eurasian Whimbrel. Numenius phaeopus. Hudsonian Whimbrel Numenius hudsonicus. Whip-poor-will.................. Eastern Whip-poor- Antrostomus will. vociferus. Mexican Whip-poor- Antrostomus will. arizonae. Whistling-Duck.................. Black-bellied Dendrocygna Whistling-Duck. autumnalis. Fulvous Whistling- Dendrocygna Duck. bicolor. West Indian Dendrocygna Whistling-Duck. arborea. Whitestart...................... Painted Whitestart Myioborus pictus. Slate-throated Myioborus Whitestart. miniatus. White-Tern...................... Blue-billed White- Gygis candida. Tern. Little White-Tern. Gygis microrhyncha. Whitethroat..................... Lesser Whitethroat Curruca curruca. Wigeon.......................... American Wigeon... Mareca americana. Eurasian Wigeon... Mareca penelope. Willet.......................... Prairie Willet.... Tringa inornata. Saltmarsh Willet.. Tringa semipalmata. Woodcock........................ American Woodcock. Scolopax minor. Eurasian Woodcock. Scolopax rusticola. Woodpecker...................... Acorn Woodpecker.. Melanerpes formicivorus. American Three- Picoides dorsalis. toed Woodpecker. Arizona Woodpecker Dryobates arizonae. Black-backed Picoides arcticus. Woodpecker. Downy Woodpecker.. Dryobates pubescens. Gila Woodpecker... Melanerpes uropygialis. Golden-fronted Melanerpes Woodpecker. aurifrons. Great Spotted Dendrocopos major. Woodpecker. Hairy Woodpecker.. Dryobates villosus. Ivory-billed Campephilus Woodpecker. principalis. Ladder-backed Dryobates Woodpecker. scalaris. Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis. Nuttall's Dryobates Woodpecker. nuttallii. Pileated Dryocopus Woodpecker. pileatus. Puerto Rican Melanerpes Woodpecker. portoricensis. Red-bellied Melanerpes Woodpecker. carolinus. Red-cockaded Dryobates Woodpecker. borealis. Red-headed Melanerpes Woodpecker. erythrocephalus. White-headed Dryobates Woodpecker. albolarvatus. Wood-Pewee...................... Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens. Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus. Wood-Rail....................... Rufous-necked Wood- Aramides Rail. axillaris. Woodstar........................ Bahama Woodstar... Nesophlox evelynae. Wren............................ Bewick's Wren..... Thryomanes bewickii. Cactus Wren....... Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus. Canyon Wren....... Catherpes mexicanus. Carolina Wren..... Thryothorus ludovicianus. Northern House Troglodytes aedon. Wren. Pacific Wren...... Nannus pacificus. Rock Wren......... Salpinctes obsoletus. Sedge Wren........ Cistothorus stellaris. Sinaloa Wren...... Thryophilus sinaloa. Winter Wren....... Nannus hiemalis. [[Page 62434]] Wrentit......................... Wrentit........... Chamaea fasciata. Wryneck......................... Eurasian Wryneck.. Jynx torquilla. Yellowlegs...................... Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca. Lesser Yellowlegs. Tringa flavipes. Yellowthroat.................... Common Geothlypis Yellowthroat. trichas. Gray-crowned Geothlypis Yellowthroat. poliocephala. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Taxonomic listing. The table lists speciesin phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also provide the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. Table 2 to Paragraph (c)--Taxonomic Listing of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Species scientific name Species common name ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (i) Order Anseriformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Anatidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Dendrocygninae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dendrocygna autumnalis................. Black-bellied Whistling-Duck. Dendrocygna arborea.................... West Indian Whistling-Duck. Dendrocygna bicolor.................... Fulvous Whistling-Duck. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Anserinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Anser canagicus........................ Emperor Goose. Anser caerulescens..................... Snow Goose. Anser rossii........................... Ross's Goose. Anser albifrons........................ Greater White-fronted Goose. Anser erythropus....................... Lesser White-fronted Goose. Anser fabalis.......................... Taiga Bean-Goose. Anser serrirostris..................... Tundra Bean-Goose. Anser brachyrhynchus................... Pink-footed Goose. Branta bernicla........................ Brant. Branta leucopsis....................... Barnacle Goose. Branta hutchinsii...................... Cackling Goose. Branta canadensis...................... Canada Goose. Branta sandvicensis.................... Hawaiian Goose. Cygnus buccinator...................... Trumpeter Swan. Cygnus columbianus..................... Tundra Swan. Cygnus cygnus.......................... Whooper Swan. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Anatinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cairina moschata....................... Muscovy Duck. Aix sponsa............................. Wood Duck. Sibirionetta formosa................... Baikal Teal. Spatula querquedula.................... Garganey. Spatula discors........................ Blue-winged Teal. Spatula cyanoptera..................... Cinnamon Teal. Spatula clypeata....................... Northern Shoveler. Mareca strepera........................ Gadwall. Mareca falcata......................... Falcated Duck. Mareca penelope........................ Eurasian Wigeon. Mareca americana....................... American Wigeon. Anas laysanensis....................... Laysan Duck. Anas wyvilliana........................ Hawaiian Duck. Anas zonorhyncha....................... Eastern Spot-billed Duck. Anas platyrhynchos..................... Mallard. Anas diazi............................. Mexican Duck. Anas rubripes.......................... American Black Duck. Anas fulvigula......................... Mottled Duck. Anas superciliosa...................... Pacific Black Duck. Anas bahamensis........................ White-cheeked Pintail. Anas acuta............................. Northern Pintail. Anas crecca............................ Green-winged Teal. Aythya valisineria..................... Canvasback. [[Page 62435]] Aythya americana....................... Redhead. Aythya ferina.......................... Common Pochard. Aythya baeri........................... Baer's Pochard. Aythya collaris........................ Ring-necked Duck. Aythya fuligula........................ Tufted Duck. Aythya marila.......................... Greater Scaup. Aythya affinis......................... Lesser Scaup. Polysticta stelleri.................... Steller's Eider. Somateria fischeri..................... Spectacled Eider. Somateria spectabilis.................. King Eider. Somateria mollissima................... Common Eider. Histrionicus histrionicus.............. Harlequin Duck. Melanitta perspicillata................ Surf Scoter. Melanitta deglandi..................... White-winged Scoter. Melanitta stejnegeri................... Stejneger's Scoter. Melanitta nigra........................ Common Scoter. Melanitta americana.................... Black Scoter. Clangula hyemalis...................... Long-tailed Duck. Bucephala albeola...................... Bufflehead. Bucephala clangula..................... Common Goldeneye. Bucephala islandica.................... Barrow's Goldeneye. Mergellus albellus..................... Smew. Lophodytes cucullatus.................. Hooded Merganser. Mergus merganser....................... Common Merganser. Mergus serrator........................ Red-breasted Merganser. Nomonyx dominicus...................... Masked Duck. Oxyura jamaicensis..................... Ruddy Duck. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (ii) Order Phoenicopteriformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Phoenicopteridae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Phoenicopterus ruber................... American Flamingo. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (iii) Order Podicipediformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Podicipedidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tachybaptus dominicus.................. Least Grebe. Podilymbus podiceps.................... Pied-billed Grebe. Podiceps auritus....................... Horned Grebe. Podiceps grisegena..................... Red-necked Grebe. Podiceps nigricollis................... Eared Grebe. Aechmophorus occidentalis.............. Western Grebe. Aechmophorus clarkii................... Clark's Grebe. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (iv) Order Columbiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Columbidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pampusana stairi....................... Shy Ground Dove. Pampusana xanthonura................... White-throated Ground Dove. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Claravinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Columbina inca......................... Inca Dove. Columbina passerina.................... Common Ground Dove. Columbina talpacoti.................... Ruddy Ground Dove. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Columbinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Geotrygon montana...................... Ruddy Quail-Dove. Geotrygon chrysia...................... Key West Quail-Dove. Geotrygon mystacea..................... Bridled Quail-Dove. Leptotila verreauxi.................... White-tipped Dove. Zenaida asiatica....................... White-winged Dove. Zenaida aurita......................... Zenaida Dove. Zenaida macroura....................... Mourning Dove. Ptilinopus porphyraceus................ Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove. Ptilinopus roseicapilla................ Mariana Fruit-Dove. Ptilinopus perousii.................... Many-colored Fruit-Dove. Ducula pacifica........................ Pacific Imperial-Pigeon. [[Page 62436]] Patagioenas fasciata................... Band-tailed Pigeon. Patagioenas squamosa................... Scaly-naped Pigeon. Patagioenas leucocephala............... White-crowned Pigeon. Patagioenas inornata................... Plain Pigeon. Patagioenas flavirostris............... Red-billed Pigeon. Streptopelia orientalis................ Oriental Turtle-Dove. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (v) Order Cuculiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Cuculidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Crotophaginae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Crotophaga ani......................... Smooth-billed Ani. Crotophaga sulcirostris................ Groove-billed Ani. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Neomorphinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Geococcyx californianus................ Greater Roadrunner. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Cuculinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cuculus canorus........................ Common Cuckoo. Cuculus optatus........................ Oriental Cuckoo. Clamator coromandus.................... Chestnut-winged Cuckoo. Coccyzus melacoryphus.................. Dark-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus americanus.................... Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus minor......................... Mangrove Cuckoo. Coccyzus erythropthalmus............... Black-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus vieilloti..................... Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo. Urodynamis taitensis................... Long-tailed Koel. Hierococcyx nisicolor.................. Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (vi) Order Caprimulgiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Caprimulgidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Chordeilinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chordeiles acutipennis................. Lesser Nighthawk. Chordeiles minor....................... Common Nighthawk. Chordeiles gundlachii.................. Antillean Nighthawk. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Caprimulginae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Nyctidromus albicollis................. Common Pauraque. Phalaenoptilus nuttallii............... Common Poorwill. Antrostomus carolinensis............... Chuck-will's-widow. Antrostomus ridgwayi................... Buff-collared Nightjar. Antrostomus vociferus.................. Eastern Whip-poor-will. Antrostomus arizonae................... Mexican Whip-poor-will. Antrostomus noctitherus................ Puerto Rican Nightjar. Hydropsalis cayennensis................ White-tailed Nightjar. Caprimulgus jotaka..................... Gray Nightjar. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (vii) Order Apodiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) Family Apodidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Cypseloidinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cypseloides niger...................... Black Swift. Streptoprocne zonaris.................. White-collared Swift. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Chaeturinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chaetura pelagica...................... Chimney Swift. Chaetura vauxi......................... Vaux's Swift. Chaetura brachyura..................... Short-tailed Swift. Hirundapus caudacutus.................. White-throated Needletail. Aerodramus spodiopygius................ White-rumped Swiftlet. [[Page 62437]] Aerodramus bartschi.................... Mariana Swiftlet. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Apodinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Apus apus.............................. Common Swift. Apus pacificus......................... Fork-tailed Swift. Tachymarptis melba..................... Alpine Swift. Aeronautes saxatalis................... White-throated Swift. Tachornis phoenicobia.................. Antillean Palm-Swift. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (B) Family Trochilidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subfamily Trochilinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Colibri thalassinus.................... Mexican Violetear. Anthracothorax prevostii............... Green-breasted Mango. Anthracothorax aurulentus.............. Puerto Rican Mango. Anthracothorax viridis................. Green Mango. Eulampis jugularis..................... Purple-throated Carib. Eulampis holosericeus.................. Green-throated Carib. Eugenes fulgens........................ Rivoli's Hummingbird. Heliomaster constantii................. Plain-capped Starthroat. Lampornis amethystinus................. Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem. Lampornis clemenciae................... Blue-throated Mountain-gem. Calothorax lucifer..................... Lucifer Hummingbird. Archilochus colubris................... Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Archilochus alexandri.................. Black-chinned Hummingbird. Mellisuga minima....................... Vervain Hummingbird. Nesophlox evelynae..................... Bahama Woodstar. Calypte anna........................... Anna's Hummingbird. Calypte costae......................... Costa's Hummingbird. Selasphorus calliope................... Calliope Hummingbird. Selasphorus rufus...................... Rufous Hummingbird. Selasphorus sasin...................... Allen's Hummingbird. Selasphorus platycercus................ Broad-tailed Hummingbird. Selasphorus heloisa.................... Bumblebee Hummingbird. Riccordia maugaeus..................... Puerto Rican Emerald. Cynanthus latirostris.................. Broad-billed Hummingbird. Basilinna leucotis..................... White-eared Hummingbird. Basilinna xantusii..................... Xantus's Hummingbird. Orthorhyncus cristatus................. Antillean Crested Hummingbird. Ramosomyia violiceps................... Violet-crowned Hummingbird. Saucerottia beryllina.................. Berylline Hummingbird. Amazilia rutila........................ Cinnamon Hummingbird. Amazilia yucatanensis.................. Buff-bellied Hummingbird. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (viii) Order Gruiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) Family Aramidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Aramus guarauna........................ Limpkin. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (B) Family Gruidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subfamily Gruinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Antigone canadensis.................... Sandhill Crane. Grus grus.............................. Common Crane. Grus monacha........................... Hooded Crane. Grus americana......................... Whooping Crane. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (C) Family Rallidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Gallirallus philippensis............... Buff-banded Rail. Gallirallus owstoni.................... Guam Rail. Pardirallus maculatus.................. Spotted Rail. Mustelirallus erythrops................ Paint-billed Crake. Aramides axillaris..................... Rufous-necked Wood-Rail. Rallus obsoletus....................... Ridgway's Rail. Rallus elegans......................... King Rail. Rallus crepitans....................... Clapper Rail. Rallus limicola........................ Virginia Rail. [[Page 62438]] Crex crex.............................. Corn Crake. Porzana carolina....................... Sora. Gallinula galeata...................... Common Gallinule. Gallinula chloropus.................... Eurasian Moorhen. Fulica atra............................ Eurasian Coot. Fulica alai............................ Hawaiian Coot. Fulica americana....................... American Coot. Porphyrio martinicus................... Purple Gallinule. Porphyrio flavirostris................. Azure Gallinule. Porphyrio porphyrio.................... Purple Swamphen. Zapornia tabuensis..................... Spotless Crake. Coturnicops noveboracensis............. Yellow Rail. Hapalocrex flaviventer................. Yellow-breasted Crake. Laterallus jamaicensis................. Black Rail. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (ix) Order Charadriiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) Family Recurvirostridae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Himantopus himantopus.................. Black-winged Stilt. Himantopus mexicanus................... Black-necked Stilt. Recurvirostra americana................ American Avocet. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (B) Family Haematopodidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Haematopus ostralegus.................. Eurasian Oystercatcher. Haematopus palliatus................... American Oystercatcher. Haematopus bachmani.................... Black Oystercatcher. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (C) Family Charadriidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Pluvialinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pluvialis squatarola................... Black-bellied Plover. Pluvialis apricaria.................... European Golden-Plover. Pluvialis dominica..................... American Golden-Plover. Pluvialis fulva........................ Pacific Golden-Plover. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Charadriinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Eudromias morinellus................... Eurasian Dotterel. Charadrius vociferus................... Killdeer. Charadrius hiaticula................... Common Ringed Plover. Charadrius semipalmatus................ Semipalmated Plover. Charadrius melodus..................... Piping Plover. Thinornis dubius....................... Little Ringed Plover. Vanellus vanellus...................... Northern Lapwing. Vanellus chilensis..................... Southern Lapwing. Anarhynchus mongolus................... Siberian Sand-Plover. Anarhynchus leschenaultii.............. Greater Sand-Plover. Anarhynchus wilsonia................... Wilson's Plover. Anarhynchus collaris................... Collared Plover. Anarhynchus montanus................... Mountain Plover. Anarhynchus nivosus.................... Snowy Plover. Anarhynchus alexandrinus............... Kentish Plover. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (D) Family Jacanidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Jacana spinosa......................... Northern Jacana. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (E) Family Scolopacidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Numeniinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Bartramia longicauda................... Upland Sandpiper. Numenius tahitiensis................... Bristle-thighed Curlew. Numenius phaeopus...................... Eurasian Whimbrel. Numenius hudsonicus.................... Hudsonian Whimbrel. Numenius minutus....................... Little Curlew. Numenius borealis...................... Eskimo Curlew. Numenius americanus.................... Long-billed Curlew. Numenius madagascariensis.............. Far Eastern Curlew. [[Page 62439]] Numenius arquata....................... Eurasian Curlew. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Limosinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Limosa lapponica....................... Bar-tailed Godwit. Limosa limosa.......................... Black-tailed Godwit. Limosa haemastica...................... Hudsonian Godwit. Limosa fedoa........................... Marbled Godwit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Arenariinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Arenaria interpres..................... Ruddy Turnstone. Arenaria melanocephala................. Black Turnstone. Calidris tenuirostris.................. Great Knot. Calidris canutus....................... Red Knot. Calidris virgata....................... Surfbird. Calidris pugnax........................ Ruff. Calidris falcinellus................... Broad-billed Sandpiper. Calidris acuminata..................... Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. Calidris himantopus.................... Stilt Sandpiper. Calidris ferruginea.................... Curlew Sandpiper. Calidris temminckii.................... Temminck's Stint. Calidris subminuta..................... Long-toed Stint. Calidris pygmea........................ Spoon-billed Sandpiper. Calidris ruficollis.................... Red-necked Stint. Calidris alba.......................... Sanderling. Calidris alpina........................ Dunlin. Calidris ptilocnemis................... Rock Sandpiper. Calidris maritima...................... Purple Sandpiper. Calidris bairdii....................... Baird's Sandpiper. Calidris minuta........................ Little Stint. Calidris minutilla..................... Least Sandpiper. Calidris fuscicollis................... White-rumped Sandpiper. Calidris subruficollis................. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Calidris melanotos..................... Pectoral Sandpiper. Calidris pusilla....................... Semipalmated Sandpiper. Calidris mauri......................... Western Sandpiper. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (4) Subfamily Scolopacinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Limnodromus griseus.................... Short-billed Dowitcher. Limnodromus scolopaceus................ Long-billed Dowitcher. Lymnocryptes minimus................... Jack Snipe. Scolopax rusticola..................... Eurasian Woodcock. Scolopax minor......................... American Woodcock. Gallinago solitaria.................... Solitary Snipe. Gallinago megala....................... Swinhoe's Snipe. Gallinago stenura...................... Pin-tailed Snipe. Gallinago gallinago.................... Common Snipe. Gallinago delicata..................... Wilson's Snipe. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (5) Subfamily Tringinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Xenus cinereus......................... Terek Sandpiper. Actitis hypoleucos..................... Common Sandpiper. Actitis macularius..................... Spotted Sandpiper. Tringa ochropus........................ Green Sandpiper. Tringa solitaria....................... Solitary Sandpiper. Tringa brevipes........................ Gray-tailed Tattler. Tringa incana.......................... Wandering Tattler. Tringa flavipes........................ Lesser Yellowlegs. Tringa guttifer........................ Nordmann's Greenshank. Tringa inornata........................ Prairie Willet. Tringa semipalmata..................... Saltmarsh Willet. Tringa erythropus...................... Spotted Redshank. Tringa nebularia....................... Common Greenshank. Tringa melanoleuca..................... Greater Yellowlegs. Tringa totanus......................... Common Redshank. Tringa glareola........................ Wood Sandpiper. Tringa stagnatilis..................... Marsh Sandpiper. Phalaropus tricolor.................... Wilson's Phalarope. [[Page 62440]] Phalaropus lobatus..................... Red-necked Phalarope. Phalaropus fulicarius.................. Red Phalarope. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (F) Family Stercorariidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Stercorarius skua...................... Great Skua. Stercorarius maccormicki............... South Polar Skua. Stercorarius pomarinus................. Pomarine Jaeger. Stercorarius parasiticus............... Parasitic Jaeger. Stercorarius longicaudus............... Long-tailed Jaeger. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (G) Family Alcidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Alle alle.............................. Dovekie. Uria aalge............................. Common Murre. Uria lomvia............................ Thick-billed Murre. Alca torda............................. Razorbill. Cepphus grylle......................... Black Guillemot. Cepphus columba........................ Pigeon Guillemot. Brachyramphus perdix................... Long-billed Murrelet. Brachyramphus marmoratus............... Marbled Murrelet. Brachyramphus brevirostris............. Kittlitz's Murrelet. Synthliboramphus scrippsi.............. Scripps's Murrelet. Synthliboramphus hypoleucus............ Guadalupe Murrelet. Synthliboramphus craveri............... Craveri's Murrelet. Synthliboramphus antiquus.............. Ancient Murrelet. Ptychoramphus aleuticus................ Cassin's Auklet. Aethia psittacula...................... Parakeet Auklet. Aethia pusilla......................... Least Auklet. Aethia pygmaea......................... Whiskered Auklet. Aethia cristatella..................... Crested Auklet. Cerorhinca monocerata.................. Rhinoceros Auklet. Fratercula arctica..................... Atlantic Puffin. Fratercula corniculata................. Horned Puffin. Fratercula cirrhata.................... Tufted Puffin. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (H) Family Laridae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Larinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Creagrus furcatus...................... Swallow-tailed Gull. Rissa tridactyla....................... Black-legged Kittiwake. Rissa brevirostris..................... Red-legged Kittiwake. Pagophila eburnea...................... Ivory Gull. Xema sabini............................ Sabine's Gull. Chroicocephalus philadelphia........... Bonaparte's Gull. Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus.......... Gray-hooded Gull. Chroicocephalus ridibundus............. Black-headed Gull. Hydrocoloeus minutus................... Little Gull. Rhodostethia rosea..................... Ross's Gull. Leucophaeus modestus................... Gray Gull. Leucophaeus atricilla.................. Laughing Gull. Leucophaeus pipixcan................... Franklin's Gull. Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus................ Pallas's Gull. Larus belcheri......................... Belcher's Gull. Larus crassirostris.................... Black-tailed Gull. Larus heermanni........................ Heermann's Gull. Larus canus............................ Common Gull. Larus brachyrhynchus................... Short-billed Gull. Larus delawarensis..................... Ring-billed Gull. Larus occidentalis..................... Western Gull. Larus livens........................... Yellow-footed Gull. Larus californicus..................... California Gull. Larus argentatus....................... European Herring Gull. Larus vegae............................ Vega Gull. Larus smithsonianus.................... American Herring Gull. Larus michahellis...................... Yellow-legged Gull. Larus glaucoides....................... Iceland Gull. Larus fuscus........................... Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus schistisagus..................... Slaty-backed Gull. Larus glaucescens...................... Glaucous-winged Gull. [[Page 62441]] Larus hyperboreus...................... Glaucous Gull. Larus marinus.......................... Great Black-backed Gull. Larus dominicanus...................... Kelp Gull. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Anoinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Anous stolidus......................... Brown Noddy. Anous minutus.......................... Black Noddy. Anous ceruleus......................... Blue-gray Noddy. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Gyginae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Gygis candida.......................... Blue-billed White-Tern. Gygis microrhyncha..................... Little White-Tern. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (4) Subfamily Sterninae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Onychoprion fuscatus................... Sooty Tern. Onychoprion lunatus.................... Gray-backed Tern. Onychoprion anaethetus................. Bridled Tern. Onychoprion aleuticus.................. Aleutian Tern. Sternula albifrons..................... Little Tern. Sternula antillarum.................... Least Tern. Phaetusa simplex....................... Large-billed Tern. Gelochelidon nilotica.................. Gull-billed Tern. Hydroprogne caspia..................... Caspian Tern. Larosterna inca........................ Inca Tern. Chlidonias niger....................... Black Tern. Chlidonias leucopterus................. White-winged Tern. Chlidonias hybrida..................... Whiskered Tern. Sterna dougallii....................... Roseate Tern. Sterna sumatrana....................... Black-naped Tern. Sterna hirundo......................... Common Tern. Sterna paradisaea...................... Arctic Tern. Sterna forsteri........................ Forster's Tern. Thalasseus maximus..................... Royal Tern. Thalasseus bergii...................... Great Crested Tern. Thalasseus sandvicensis................ Sandwich Tern. Thalasseus elegans..................... Elegant Tern. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Rynchopina ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Rynchops niger......................... Black Skimmer. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (x) Order Phaethontiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Phaethontidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Phaethon lepturus...................... White-tailed Tropicbird. Phaethon aethereus..................... Red-billed Tropicbird. Phaethon rubricauda.................... Red-tailed Tropicbird. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xi) Order Gaviiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Gaviidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Gavia stellata......................... Red-throated Loon. Gavia arctica.......................... Arctic Loon. Gavia pacifica......................... Pacific Loon. Gavia immer............................ Common Loon. Gavia adamsii.......................... Yellow-billed Loon. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xii) Order Procellariiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) Family Diomedeidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Thalassarche chlororhynchos............ Yellow-nosed Albatross. Thalassarche cauta..................... White-capped Albatross. Thalassarche eremita................... Chatham Albatross. Thalassarche salvini................... Salvin's Albatross. Thalassarche melanophris............... Black-browed Albatross. Phoebetria palpebrata.................. Light-mantled Albatross. [[Page 62442]] Diomedea exulans....................... Wandering Albatross. Phoebastria immutabilis................ Laysan Albatross. Phoebastria nigripes................... Black-footed Albatross. Phoebastria albatrus................... Short-tailed Albatross. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (B) Family Oceanitidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Oceanites oceanicus.................... Wilson's Storm-Petrel. Pelagodroma marina..................... White-faced Storm-Petrel. Fregetta grallaria..................... White-bellied Storm-Petrel. Fregetta tropica....................... Black-bellied Storm-Petrel. Nesofregetta fuliginosa................ Polynesian Storm-Petrel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (C) Family Hydrobatidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hydrobates pelagicus................... European Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates furcatus.................... Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates hornbyi..................... Ringed Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates monorhis.................... Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates leucorhous.................. Leach's Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates socorroensis................ Townsend's Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates cheimomnestes............... Ainley's Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates homochroa................... Ashy Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates castro...................... Band-rumped Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates tethys...................... Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates melania..................... Black Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates matsudairae................. Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates tristrami................... Tristram's Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates microsoma................... Least Storm-Petrel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (D) Family Procellariidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Macronectes halli...................... Northern Giant-Petrel. Fulmarus glacialis..................... Northern Fulmar. Pterodroma gouldi...................... Gray-faced Petrel. Pterodroma solandri.................... Providence Petrel. Pterodroma neglecta.................... Kermadec Petrel. Pterodroma arminjoniana................ Trindade Petrel. Pterodroma heraldica................... Herald Petrel. Pterodroma ultima...................... Murphy's Petrel. Pterodroma inexpectata................. Mottled Petrel. Pterodroma cahow....................... Bermuda Petrel. Pterodroma hasitata.................... Black-capped Petrel. Pterodroma externa..................... Juan Fernandez Petrel. Pterodroma sandwichensis............... Hawaiian Petrel. Pterodroma cervicalis.................. White-necked Petrel. Pterodroma hypoleuca................... Bonin Petrel. Pterodroma nigripennis................. Black-winged Petrel. Pterodroma deserta..................... Desertas Petrel. Pterodroma madeira..................... Zino's Petrel. Pterodroma cookii...................... Cook's Petrel. Pterodroma leucoptera.................. Gould's Petrel. Pterodroma longirostris................ Stejneger's Petrel. Pterodroma alba........................ Phoenix Petrel. Pseudobulweria rostrata................ Tahiti Petrel. Bulweria bulwerii...................... Bulwer's Petrel. Bulweria fallax........................ Jouanin's Petrel. Procellaria aequinoctialis............. White-chinned Petrel. Procellaria parkinsoni................. Parkinson's Petrel. Calonectris leucomelas................. Streaked Shearwater. Calonectris borealis................... Cory's Shearwater. Calonectris diomedea................... Scopoli's Shearwater. Calonectris edwardsii.................. Cape Verde Shearwater. Ardenna pacifica....................... Wedge-tailed Shearwater. Ardenna bulleri........................ Buller's Shearwater. Ardenna tenuirostris................... Short-tailed Shearwater. Ardenna grisea......................... Sooty Shearwater. Ardenna gravis......................... Great Shearwater. Ardenna creatopus...................... Pink-footed Shearwater. Ardenna carneipes...................... Flesh-footed Shearwater. Puffinus nativitatis................... Christmas Shearwater. [[Page 62443]] Puffinus puffinus...................... Manx Shearwater. Puffinus newelli....................... Newell's Shearwater. Puffinus bryani........................ Bryan's Shearwater. Puffinus opisthomelas.................. Black-vented Shearwater. Puffinus lherminieri................... Sargasso Shearwater. Puffinus baroli........................ Barolo Shearwater. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xiii) Order Ciconiiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Ciconiidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Jabiru mycteria........................ Jabiru. Mycteria americana..................... Wood Stork. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xiv) Order Suliformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) Family Fregatidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Fregata ariel.......................... Lesser Frigatebird. Fregata magnificens.................... Magnificent Frigatebird. Fregata minor.......................... Great Frigatebird. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (B) Family Sulidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Papasula abbotti....................... Abbott's Booby. Sula dactylatra........................ Masked Booby. Sula granti............................ Nazca Booby. Sula nebouxii.......................... Blue-footed Booby. Sula leucogaster....................... Brown Booby. Sula brewsteri......................... Cocos Booby. Sula sula.............................. Red-footed Booby. Morus bassanus......................... Northern Gannet. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (C) Family Anhingidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Anhinga anhinga........................ Anhinga. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (D) Family Phalacrocoracidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Microcarbo melanoleucos................ Little Pied Cormorant. Urile penicillatus..................... Brandt's Cormorant. Urile urile............................ Red-faced Cormorant. Urile pelagicus........................ Pelagic Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo.................... Great Cormorant. Nannopterum auritum.................... Double-crested Cormorant. Nannopterum brasilianum................ Neotropic Cormorant. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xv) Order Pelecaniformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) Family Threskiornithidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Threskiornithinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Eudocimus albus........................ White Ibis. Eudocimus ruber........................ Scarlet Ibis. Plegadis falcinellus................... Glossy Ibis. Plegadis chihi......................... White-faced Ibis. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Plataleinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Platalea ajaja......................... Roseate Spoonbill. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (B) Family Pelecanidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.............. American White Pelican. Pelecanus occidentalis................. Brown Pelican. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [[Page 62444]] (C) Family Ardeidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Tigriornithinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tigrisoma mexicanum.................... Bare-throated Tiger-Heron. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Botaurinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Botaurus exilis........................ Least Bittern. Botaurus lentiginosus.................. American Bittern. Botaurus flavicollis................... Black Bittern. Botaurus eurhythmus.................... Schrenck's Bittern. Botaurus sinensis...................... Yellow Bittern. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Ardeinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Egretta caerulea....................... Little Blue Heron. Egretta tricolor....................... Tricolored Heron. Egretta rufescens...................... Reddish Egret. Egretta sacra.......................... Pacific Reef-Heron. Egretta eulophotes..................... Chinese Egret. Egretta thula.......................... Snowy Egret. Egretta garzetta....................... Little Egret. Egretta gularis........................ Western Reef-Heron. Nyctanassa violacea.................... Yellow-crowned Night Heron. Nycticorax nycticorax.................. Black-crowned Night Heron. Nycticorax caledonicus................. Nankeen Night Heron. Gorsachius melanolophus................ Malayan Night Heron. Gorsachius goisagi..................... Japanese Night Heron. Butorides virescens.................... Green Heron. Ardeola bacchus........................ Chinese Pond-Heron. Ardea alba............................. Great White Egret. Ardea egretta.......................... American Egret. Ardea intermedia....................... Medium Egret. Ardea ibis............................. Western Cattle-Egret. Ardea coromanda........................ Eastern Cattle-Egret. Ardea cinerea.......................... Gray Heron. Ardea herodias......................... Great Blue Heron. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xvi) Order Cathartiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Cathartidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Gymnogyps californianus................ California Condor. Coragyps atratus....................... Black Vulture. Cathartes aura......................... Turkey Vulture. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xvii) Order Accipitriformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) Family Pandionidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pandion haliaetus...................... Osprey. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (B) Family Accipitridae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Elaninae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Elanus leucurus........................ White-tailed Kite. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Gypaetinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chondrohierax uncinatus................ Hook-billed Kite. Pernis ptilorhynchus................... Oriental Honey-buzzard. Elanoides forficatus................... Swallow-tailed Kite. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Accipitrinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Aquila chrysaetos...................... Golden Eagle. Harpagus bidentatus.................... Double-toothed Kite. Tachyspiza soloensis................... Chinese Sparrowhawk. Accipiter gularis...................... Japanese Sparrowhawk. Accipiter striatus..................... Sharp-shinned Hawk. [[Page 62445]] Accipiter nisus........................ Eurasian Sparrowhawk. Astur cooperii......................... Cooper's Hawk. Astur atricapillus..................... American Goshawk. Circus cyaneus......................... Hen Harrier. Circus hudsonius....................... Northern Harrier. Circus aeruginosus..................... Western Marsh Harrier. Circus spilonotus...................... Eastern Marsh Harrier. Milvus migrans......................... Black Kite. Haliaeetus leucocephalus............... Bald Eagle. Haliaeetus albicilla................... White-tailed Eagle. Haliaeetus pelagicus................... Steller's Sea-Eagle. Butastur indicus....................... Gray-faced Buzzard. Ictinia mississippiensis............... Mississippi Kite. Geranospiza caerulescens............... Crane Hawk. Rostrhamus sociabilis.................. Snail Kite. Buteogallus anthracinus................ Common Black Hawk. Buteogallus urubitinga................. Great Black Hawk. Rupornis magnirostris.................. Roadside Hawk. Parabuteo unicinctus................... Harris's Hawk. Geranoaetus albicaudatus............... White-tailed Hawk. Buteo plagiatus........................ Gray Hawk. Buteo lineatus......................... Red-shouldered Hawk. Buteo platypterus...................... Broad-winged Hawk. Buteo solitarius....................... Hawaiian Hawk. Buteo brachyurus....................... Short-tailed Hawk. Buteo swainsoni........................ Swainson's Hawk. Buteo albonotatus...................... Zone-tailed Hawk. Buteo jamaicensis...................... Red-tailed Hawk. Buteo lagopus.......................... Rough-legged Hawk. Buteo regalis.......................... Ferruginous Hawk. Buteo rufinus.......................... Long-legged Buzzard. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xviii) Order Strigiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) Family Tytonidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tyto furcata........................... American Barn Owl. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (B) Family Strigidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Otus sunia............................. Oriental Scops-Owl. Psiloscops flammeolus.................. Flammulated Owl. Gymnasio nudipes....................... Puerto Rican Owl. Megascops trichopsis................... Whiskered Screech-Owl. Megascops kennicottii.................. Western Screech-Owl. Megascops asio......................... Eastern Screech-Owl. Bubo virginianus....................... Great Horned Owl. Bubo scandiacus........................ Snowy Owl. Surnia ulula........................... Northern Hawk Owl. Glaucidium gnoma....................... Northern Pygmy-Owl. Glaucidium brasilianum................. Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl. Micrathene whitneyi.................... Elf Owl. Athene cunicularia..................... Burrowing Owl. Strix occidentalis..................... Spotted Owl. Strix varia............................ Barred Owl. Strix virgata.......................... Mottled Owl. Strix nebulosa......................... Great Gray Owl. Asio otus.............................. Long-eared Owl. Asio stygius........................... Stygian Owl. Asio flammeus.......................... Short-eared Owl. Aegolius funereus...................... Boreal Owl. Aegolius acadicus...................... Northern Saw-whet Owl. Ninox japonica......................... Northern Boobook. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xix) Order Trogoniformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Trogonidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subfamily Trogoninae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Trogon elegans......................... Elegant Trogon. [[Page 62446]] Euptilotis neoxenus.................... Eared Quetzal. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xx) Order Upupiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Upupidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Upupa epops............................ Common Hoopoe. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xxi) Order Coraciiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Alcedinidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Alcedininae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Alcedo atthis.......................... Common Kingfisher. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Halcyoninae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Todiramphus sacer...................... Pacific Kingfisher. Todiramphus cinnamominus............... Guam Kingfisher. Todiramphus albicilla.................. Mariana Kingfisher. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Cerylinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Megaceryle torquata.................... Ringed Kingfisher. Megaceryle alcyon...................... Belted Kingfisher. Chloroceryle amazona................... Amazon Kingfisher. Chloroceryle americana................. Green Kingfisher. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xxii) Order Piciformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Picidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Jynginae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Jynx torquilla......................... Eurasian Wryneck. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Picinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Melanerpes lewis....................... Lewis's Woodpecker. Melanerpes portoricensis............... Puerto Rican Woodpecker. Melanerpes erythrocephalus............. Red-headed Woodpecker. Melanerpes formicivorus................ Acorn Woodpecker. Melanerpes uropygialis................. Gila Woodpecker. Melanerpes aurifrons................... Golden-fronted Woodpecker. Melanerpes carolinus................... Red-bellied Woodpecker. Sphyrapicus thyroideus................. Williamson's Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus varius..................... Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus nuchalis................... Red-naped Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus ruber...................... Red-breasted Sapsucker. Picoides dorsalis...................... American Three-toed Woodpecker. Picoides arcticus...................... Black-backed Woodpecker. Dendrocopos major...................... Great Spotted Woodpecker. Dryobates pubescens.................... Downy Woodpecker. Dryobates nuttallii.................... Nuttall's Woodpecker. Dryobates scalaris..................... Ladder-backed Woodpecker. Dryobates borealis..................... Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Dryobates villosus..................... Hairy Woodpecker. Dryobates albolarvatus................. White-headed Woodpecker. Dryobates arizonae..................... Arizona Woodpecker. Colaptes auratus....................... Northern Flicker. Colaptes chrysoides.................... Gilded Flicker. Dryocopus pileatus..................... Pileated Woodpecker. Campephilus principalis................ Ivory-billed Woodpecker. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [[Page 62447]] (xxiii) Order Falconiformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Family Falconidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Herpetotherinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Micrastur semitorquatus................ Collared Forest-Falcon. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Falconinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Caracara plancus....................... Crested Caracara. Milvago chimachima..................... Yellow-headed Caracara. Falco tinnunculus...................... Eurasian Kestrel. Falco sparverius....................... American Kestrel. Falco vespertinus...................... Red-footed Falcon. Falco amurensis........................ Amur Falcon. Falco columbarius...................... Merlin. Falco subbuteo......................... Eurasian Hobby. Falco femoralis........................ Aplomado Falcon. Falco rufigularis...................... Bat Falcon. Falco rusticolus....................... Gyrfalcon. Falco peregrinus....................... Peregrine Falcon. Falco mexicanus........................ Prairie Falcon. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (xxiv) Order Passeriformes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (A) Family Tityridae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tityra semifasciata.................... Masked Tityra. Pachyramphus major..................... Gray-collared Becard. Pachyramphus aglaiae................... Rose-throated Becard. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (B) Family Tyrannidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Elaeniinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Camptostoma imberbe.................... Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet. Myiopagis viridicata................... Greenish Elaenia. Elaenia martinica...................... Caribbean Elaenia. Elaenia albiceps....................... White-crested Elaenia. Elaenia parvirostris................... Small-billed Elaenia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Tyranninae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Myiarchus tuberculifer................. Dusky-capped Flycatcher. Myiarchus cinerascens.................. Ash-throated Flycatcher. Myiarchus nuttingi..................... Nutting's Flycatcher. Myiarchus crinitus..................... Great Crested Flycatcher. Myiarchus tyrannulus................... Brown-crested Flycatcher. Myiarchus sagrae....................... La Sagra's Flycatcher. Myiarchus antillarum................... Puerto Rican Flycatcher. Pitangus sulphuratus................... Great Kiskadee. Myiozetetes similis.................... Social Flycatcher. Myiodynastes luteiventris.............. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher. Legatus leucophaius.................... Piratic Flycatcher. Empidonomus varius..................... Variegated Flycatcher. Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus...... Crowned Slaty Flycatcher. Tyrannus melancholicus................. Tropical Kingbird. Tyrannus couchii....................... Couch's Kingbird. Tyrannus vociferans.................... Cassin's Kingbird. Tyrannus crassirostris................. Thick-billed Kingbird. Tyrannus verticalis.................... Western Kingbird. Tyrannus tyrannus...................... Eastern Kingbird. Tyrannus dominicensis.................. Gray Kingbird. Tyrannus caudifasciatus................ Loggerhead Kingbird. Tyrannus forficatus.................... Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Tyrannus savana........................ Fork-tailed Flycatcher. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Fluvicolinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mitrephanes phaeocercus................ Tawny Tufted Flycatcher. Contopus cooperi....................... Olive-sided Flycatcher. [[Page 62448]] Contopus pertinax...................... Greater Pewee. Contopus sordidulus.................... Western Wood-Pewee. Contopus virens........................ Eastern Wood-Pewee. Contopus caribaeus..................... Cuban Pewee. Contopus hispaniolensis................ Hispaniolan Pewee. Contopus latirostris................... Lesser Antillean Pewee. Empidonax flaviventris................. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Empidonax virescens.................... Acadian Flycatcher. Empidonax alnorum...................... Alder Flycatcher. Empidonax traillii..................... Willow Flycatcher. Empidonax minimus...................... Least Flycatcher. Empidonax hammondii.................... Hammond's Flycatcher. Empidonax wrightii..................... Gray Flycatcher. Empidonax oberholseri.................. Dusky Flycatcher. Empidonax affinis...................... Pine Flycatcher. Empidonax difficilis................... Western Flycatcher. Empidonax fulvifrons................... Buff-breasted Flycatcher. Sayornis nigricans..................... Black Phoebe. Sayornis phoebe........................ Eastern Phoebe. Sayornis saya.......................... Say's Phoebe. Pyrocephalus rubinus................... Vermilion Flycatcher. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (C) Family Vireonidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Vireo atricapilla...................... Black-capped Vireo. Vireo griseus.......................... White-eyed Vireo. Vireo crassirostris.................... Thick-billed Vireo. Vireo gundlachii....................... Cuban Vireo. Vireo latimeri......................... Puerto Rican Vireo. Vireo bellii........................... Bell's Vireo. Vireo vicinior......................... Gray Vireo. Vireo huttoni.......................... Hutton's Vireo. Vireo flavifrons....................... Yellow-throated Vireo. Vireo cassinii......................... Cassin's Vireo. Vireo solitarius....................... Blue-headed Vireo. Vireo plumbeus......................... Plumbeous Vireo. Vireo philadelphicus................... Philadelphia Vireo. Vireo swainsoni........................ Western Warbling-Vireo. Vireo gilvus........................... Eastern Warbling-Vireo. Vireo olivaceus........................ Red-eyed Vireo. Vireo flavoviridis..................... Yellow-green Vireo. Vireo altiloquus....................... Black-whiskered Vireo. Vireo magister......................... Yucatan Vireo. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (D) Family Laniidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Lanius cristatus....................... Brown Shrike. Lanius collurio........................ Red-backed Shrike. Lanius ludovicianus.................... Loggerhead Shrike. Lanius borealis........................ Northern Shrike. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (E) Family Corvidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Perisoreus canadensis.................. Canada Jay. Cyanocorax morio....................... Brown Jay. Cyanocorax yncas....................... Green Jay. Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus.............. Pinyon Jay. Cyanocitta stelleri.................... Steller's Jay. Cyanocitta cristata.................... Blue Jay. Aphelocoma coerulescens................ Florida Scrub-Jay. Aphelocoma insularis................... Island Scrub-Jay. Aphelocoma californica................. California Scrub-Jay. Aphelocoma woodhouseii................. Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay. Aphelocoma wollweberi.................. Mexican Jay. Nucifraga columbiana................... Clark's Nutcracker. Pica hudsonia.......................... Black-billed Magpie. Pica nuttalli.......................... Yellow-billed Magpie. Coloeus monedula....................... Eurasian Jackdaw. Corvus kubaryi......................... Mariana Crow. Corvus brachyrhynchos.................. American Crow. Corvus leucognaphalus.................. White-necked Crow. [[Page 62449]] Corvus imparatus....................... Tamaulipas Crow. Corvus ossifragus...................... Fish Crow. Corvus hawaiiensis..................... Hawaiian Crow. Corvus cryptoleucus.................... Chihuahuan Raven. Corvus corax........................... Common Raven. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (F) Family Remizidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Auriparus flaviceps.................... Verdin. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (G) Family Paridae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Poecile carolinensis................... Carolina Chickadee. Poecile atricapillus................... Black-capped Chickadee. Poecile gambeli........................ Mountain Chickadee. Poecile sclateri....................... Mexican Chickadee. Poecile rufescens...................... Chestnut-backed Chickadee. Poecile hudsonicus..................... Boreal Chickadee. Poecile cinctus........................ Gray-headed Chickadee. Baeolophus wollweberi.................. Bridled Titmouse. Baeolophus inornatus................... Oak Titmouse. Baeolophus ridgwayi.................... Juniper Titmouse. Baeolophus bicolor..................... Tufted Titmouse. Baeolophus atricristatus............... Black-crested Titmouse. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (H) Family Alaudidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Alauda arvensis........................ Eurasian Skylark. Eremophila alpestris................... Horned Lark. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (I) Family Acrocephalidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Arundinax aedon........................ Thick-billed Warbler. Hippolais icterina..................... Icterine Warbler. Acrocephalus luscinius................. Nightingale Reed Warbler. Acrocephalus hiwae..................... Saipan Reed Warbler. Acrocephalus nijoi..................... Aguiguan Reed Warbler. Acrocephalus yamashinae................ Pagan Reed Warbler. Acrocephalus familiaris................ Millerbird. Acrocephalus schoenobaenus............. Sedge Warbler. Acrocephalus dumetorum................. Blyth's Reed Warbler. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (J) Family Locustellidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Helopsaltes certhiola.................. Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler. Helopsaltes ochotensis................. Middendorff's Grasshopper Warbler. Locustella lanceolata.................. Lanceolated Warbler. Locustella fluviatilis................. River Warbler. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (K) Family Hirundinidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subfamily Hirundininae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Riparia riparia........................ Bank Swallow. Tachycineta bicolor.................... Tree Swallow. Tachycineta cyaneoviridis.............. Bahama Swallow. Tachycineta thalassina................. Violet-green Swallow. Tachycineta albilinea.................. Mangrove Swallow. Pygochelidon cyanoleuca................ Blue-and-white Swallow. Stelgidopteryx serripennis............. Northern Rough-winged Swallow. Progne tapera.......................... Brown-chested Martin. Progne subis........................... Purple Martin. Progne elegans......................... Southern Martin. Progne chalybea........................ Gray-breasted Martin. Progne cryptoleuca..................... Cuban Martin. Progne dominicensis.................... Caribbean Martin. Hirundo rustica........................ Barn Swallow. Delichon lagopodum..................... Siberian House-Martin. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota............... Cliff Swallow. Petrochelidon fulva.................... Cave Swallow. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [[Page 62450]] (L) Family Aegithalidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Psaltriparus minimus................... Bushtit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (M) Family Phylloscopidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Phylloscopus trochilus................. Willow Warbler. Phylloscopus collybita................. Common Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus sibilatrix................ Wood Warbler. Phylloscopus fuscatus.................. Dusky Warbler. Phylloscopus proregulus................ Pallas's Leaf Warbler. Phylloscopus inornatus................. Yellow-browed Warbler. Phylloscopus borealis.................. Arctic Warbler. Phylloscopus examinandus............... Kamchatka Leaf Warbler. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (N) Family Sylviidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Curruca curruca........................ Lesser Whitethroat. Chamaea fasciata....................... Wrentit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (O) Family Regulidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Corthylio calendula.................... Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Regulus satrapa........................ Golden-crowned Kinglet. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (P) Family Bombycillidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Bombycilla garrulus.................... Bohemian Waxwing. Bombycilla cedrorum.................... Cedar Waxwing. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (Q) Family Ptiliogonatidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ptiliogonys cinereus................... Gray Silky-flycatcher. Phainopepla nitens..................... Phainopepla. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (R) Family Sittidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subfamily Sittinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sitta carolinensis..................... White-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta pygmaea.......................... Pygmy Nuthatch. Sitta pusilla.......................... Brown-headed Nuthatch. Sitta canadensis....................... Red-breasted Nuthatch. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (S) Family Certhiidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subfamily Certhiinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Certhia americana...................... Brown Creeper. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (T) Family Polioptilidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Polioptila caerulea.................... Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher. Polioptila nigriceps................... Black-capped Gnatcatcher. Polioptila melanura.................... Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. Polioptila californica................. California Gnatcatcher. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (U) Family Troglodytidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Salpinctes obsoletus................... Rock Wren. Catherpes mexicanus.................... Canyon Wren. Thryomanes bewickii.................... Bewick's Wren. Thryothorus ludovicianus............... Carolina Wren. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus........ Cactus Wren Nannus pacificus....................... Pacific Wren. Nannus hiemalis........................ Winter Wren. Cistothorus paludicola................. Western Marsh-Wren. Cistothorus palustris.................. Eastern Marsh-Wren. Cistothorus stellaris.................. Sedge Wren. Troglodytes aedon...................... Northern House Wren. Thryophilus sinaloa.................... Sinaloa Wren. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [[Page 62451]] (W) Family Sturnidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Agropsar philippensis.................. Chestnut-cheeked Starling. Spodiopsar cineraceus.................. White-cheeked Starling. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (V) Family Mimidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Melanotis caerulescens................. Blue Mockingbird. Dumetella carolinensis................. Gray Catbird. Melanoptila glabrirostris.............. Black Catbird. Margarops fuscatus..................... Pearly-eyed Thrasher. Toxostoma curvirostre.................. Curve-billed Thrasher. Toxostoma rufum........................ Brown Thrasher. Toxostoma longirostre.................. Long-billed Thrasher. Toxostoma bendirei..................... Bendire's Thrasher. Toxostoma redivivum.................... California Thrasher. Toxostoma lecontei..................... LeConte's Thrasher. Toxostoma crissale..................... Crissal Thrasher. Oreoscoptes montanus................... Sage Thrasher. Mimus gundlachii....................... Bahama Mockingbird. Mimus polyglottos...................... Northern Mockingbird. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (X) Family Cinclidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cinclus mexicanus...................... American Dipper. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (Y) Family Turdidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sialia sialis.......................... Eastern Bluebird. Sialia mexicana........................ Western Bluebird. Sialia currucoides..................... Mountain Bluebird. Myadestes townsendi.................... Townsend's Solitaire. Myadestes occidentalis................. Brown-backed Solitaire. Myadestes myadestinus.................. K[amacr]ma[revaps]o. Myadestes lanaiensis................... Oloma[revaps]o. Myadestes obscurus..................... `[Omacr]ma'o. Myadestes palmeri...................... Puaiohi. Catharus aurantiirostris............... Orange-billed Nightingale- Thrush. Catharus mexicanus..................... Black-headed Nightingale- Thrush. Catharus fuscescens.................... Veery. Catharus minimus....................... Gray-cheeked Thrush. Catharus bicknelli..................... Bicknell's Thrush. Catharus ustulatus..................... Swainson's Thrush. Catharus guttatus...................... Hermit Thrush. Hylocichla mustelina................... Wood Thrush. Turdus obscurus........................ Eyebrowed Thrush. Turdus eunomus......................... Dusky Thrush. Turdus naumanni........................ Naumann's Thrush. Turdus pilaris......................... Fieldfare. Turdus iliacus......................... Redwing. Turdus grayi........................... Clay-colored Thrush. Turdus assimilis....................... White-throated Thrush. Turdus rufopalliatus................... Rufous-backed Robin. Turdus migratorius..................... American Robin. Turdus plumbeus........................ Western Red-legged Thrush. Turdus ardosiaceus..................... Eastern Red-legged Thrush. Ixoreus naevius........................ Varied Thrush. Ridgwayia pinicola..................... Aztec Thrush. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (Z) Family Muscicapidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Muscicapa griseisticta................. Gray-streaked Flycatcher. Muscicapa dauurica..................... Asian Brown Flycatcher. Muscicapa striata...................... Spotted Flycatcher. Muscicapa sibirica..................... Dark-sided Flycatcher. Erithacus rubecula..................... European Robin. Larvivora cyane........................ Siberian Blue Robin. Larvivora sibilans..................... Rufous-tailed Robin. Luscinia svecica....................... Bluethroat. Calliope calliope...................... Siberian Rubythroat. Tarsiger cyanurus...................... Red-flanked Bluetail. [[Page 62452]] Ficedula narcissina.................... Narcissus Flycatcher. Ficedula mugimaki...................... Mugimaki Flycatcher. Ficedula albicilla..................... Taiga Flycatcher. Phoenicurus phoenicurus................ Common Redstart. Monticola saxatilis.................... Rufous-tailed Rock-thrush. Monticola solitarius................... Blue Rock-Thrush. Saxicola maurus........................ Asian Stonechat. Oenanthe oenanthe...................... Northern Wheatear. Oenanthe pleschanka.................... Pied Wheatear. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (AA) Family Peucedramidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Peucedramus taeniatus.................. Olive Warbler. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (BB) Family Prunellidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Prunella montanella.................... Siberian Accentor. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (CC) Family Motacillidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Motacilla tschutschensis............... Eastern Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla citreola..................... Citrine Wagtail. Motacilla cinerea...................... Gray Wagtail. Motacilla alba......................... White Wagtail. Anthus trivialis....................... Tree Pipit. Anthus hodgsoni........................ Olive-backed Pipit. Anthus gustavi......................... Pechora Pipit. Anthus cervinus........................ Red-throated Pipit. Anthus japonicus....................... Siberian Pipit. Anthus rubescens....................... American Pipit. Anthus spragueii....................... Sprague's Pipit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (DD) Family Fringillidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Fringillinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Fringilla coelebs...................... Common Chaffinch. Fringilla montifringilla............... Brambling. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Euphoniinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chlorophonia sclateri.................. Puerto Rican Euphonia. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Carduelinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Coccothraustes vespertinus............. Evening Grosbeak. Coccothraustes coccothraustes.......... Hawfinch. Carpodacus erythrinus.................. Common Rosefinch. Carpodacus roseus...................... Pallas's Rosefinch. Melamprosops phaeosoma................. Po[revaps]ouli. Oreomystis bairdi...................... [revaps]Akikiki. Paroreomyza maculata................... O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Alauahio. Paroreomyza flammea.................... K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie. Paroreomyza montana.................... Maui [revaps]Alauahio. Loxioides bailleui..................... Palila. Telespiza cantans...................... Laysan Finch. Telespiza ultima....................... Nihoa Finch. Palmeria dolei......................... [revaps]Akohekohe. Himatione fraithii..................... Laysan Honeycreeper. Himatione sanguinea.................... [revaps]Apapane. Drepanis coccinea...................... [revaps]I[revaps]iwi. Psittirostra psittacea................. [revaps][Omacr][revaps][umacr]. Pseudonestor xanthophrys............... Maui Parrotbill. Hemignathus hanapepe................... Kauai Nukupu[revaps]u. Hemignathus lucidus.................... O[revaps]ahu Nukupu[revaps]u. Hemignathus affinis.................... Maui Nukupu[revaps]u. Hemignathus wilsoni.................... [revaps]Akiapola[revaps]au. Akialoa stejnegeri..................... Kauai [revaps]Akialoa. Akialoa ellisiana...................... O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Akialoa. Akialoa lanaiensis..................... Maui Nui [revaps]Akialoa. Magumma parva.......................... [revaps]Anianiau. Chlorodrepanis virens.................. Hawaii [revaps]Amakihi. [[Page 62453]] Chlorodrepanis flava................... O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Amakihi. Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri.............. Kaua[revaps]i [revaps]Amakihi. Loxops mana............................ Hawaii Creeper. Loxops caeruleirostris................. [revaps]Akeke[revaps]e. Loxops wolstenholmei................... O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Akepa. Loxops ochraceus....................... Maui [revaps]Akepa. Loxops coccineus....................... Hawaii [revaps]Akepa. Pinicola enucleator.................... Pine Grosbeak. Pyrrhula pyrrhula...................... Eurasian Bullfinch. Leucosticte arctoa..................... Asian Rosy-Finch. Leucosticte tephrocotis................ Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch. Leucosticte atrata..................... Black Rosy-Finch. Leucosticte australis.................. Brown-capped Rosy-Finch. Haemorhous mexicanus................... House Finch. Haemorhous purpureus................... Purple Finch. Haemorhous cassinii.................... Cassin's Finch. Chloris sinica......................... Oriental Greenfinch. Acanthis flammea....................... Redpoll. Loxia curvirostra...................... Red Crossbill. Loxia sinesciuris...................... Cassia Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera....................... White-winged Crossbill. Spinus spinus.......................... Eurasian Siskin. Spinus pinus........................... Pine Siskin. Spinus psaltria........................ Lesser Goldfinch. Spinus lawrencei....................... Lawrence's Goldfinch. Spinus tristis......................... American Goldfinch. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (EE) Family Calcariidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Calcarius lapponicus................... Lapland Longspur. Calcarius ornatus...................... Chestnut-collared Longspur. Calcarius pictus....................... Smith's Longspur. Rhynchophanes mccownii................. Thick-billed Longspur. Plectrophenax nivalis.................. Snow Bunting. Plectrophenax hyperboreus.............. McKay's Bunting. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (FF) Family Emberizidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Emberiza leucocephalos................. Pine Bunting. Emberiza chrysophrys................... Yellow-browed Bunting. Emberiza pusilla....................... Little Bunting. Emberiza rustica....................... Rustic Bunting. Emberiza elegans....................... Yellow-throated Bunting. Emberiza aureola....................... Yellow-breasted Bunting. Emberiza variabilis.................... Gray Bunting. Emberiza pallasi....................... Pallas's Bunting. Emberiza schoeniclus................... Reed Bunting. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (GG) Family Passerellidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Peucaea carpalis....................... Rufous-winged Sparrow. Peucaea botterii....................... Botteri's Sparrow. Peucaea cassinii....................... Cassin's Sparrow. Peucaea aestivalis..................... Bachman's Sparrow. Ammodramus savannarum.................. Grasshopper Sparrow. Arremonops rufivirgatus................ Olive Sparrow. Amphispizopsis quinquestriata.......... Five-striped Sparrow. Amphispiza bilineata................... Black-throated Sparrow. Chondestes grammacus................... Lark Sparrow. Calamospiza melanocorys................ Lark Bunting. Spizella passerina..................... Chipping Sparrow. Spizella pallida....................... Clay-colored Sparrow. Spizella atrogularis................... Black-chinned Sparrow. Spizella pusilla....................... Field Sparrow. Spizella breweri....................... Brewer's Sparrow. Spizella wortheni...................... Worthen's Sparrow. Passerella iliaca...................... Fox Sparrow. Spizelloides arborea................... American Tree Sparrow. Junco hyemalis......................... Dark-eyed Junco. Junco phaeonotus....................... Yellow-eyed Junco. Zonotrichia leucophrys................. White-crowned Sparrow. [[Page 62454]] Zonotrichia atricapilla................ Golden-crowned Sparrow. Zonotrichia querula.................... Harris's Sparrow. Zonotrichia albicollis................. White-throated Sparrow. Artemisiospiza belli................... Bell's Sparrow. Artemisiospiza nevadensis.............. Sagebrush Sparrow. Pooecetes gramineus.................... Vesper Sparrow. Ammospiza leconteii.................... LeConte's Sparrow. Ammospiza maritima..................... Seaside Sparrow. Ammospiza nelsoni...................... Nelson's Sparrow. Ammospiza caudacuta.................... Saltmarsh Sparrow. Centronyx bairdii...................... Baird's Sparrow. Centronyx henslowii.................... Henslow's Sparrow. Passerculus sandwichensis.............. Savannah Sparrow. Melospiza melodia...................... Song Sparrow. Melospiza lincolnii.................... Lincoln's Sparrow. Melospiza georgiana.................... Swamp Sparrow. Melozone fusca......................... Canyon Towhee. Melozone aberti........................ Abert's Towhee. Melozone crissalis..................... California Towhee. Aimophila ruficeps..................... Rufous-crowned Sparrow. Pipilo chlorurus....................... Green-tailed Towhee. Pipilo maculatus....................... Spotted Towhee. Pipilo erythrophthalmus................ Eastern Towhee. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (HH) Family Phaenicophilidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subfamily Spindalinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Nesospingus speculiferus............... Puerto Rican Tanager. Spindalis zena......................... Western Spindalis. Spindalis portoricensis................ Puerto Rican Spindalis. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (II) Family Icteridae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Icteria virens......................... Yellow-breasted Chat. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Xanthocephalinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.......... Yellow-headed Blackbird. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Dolichonychinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dolichonyx oryzivorus.................. Bobolink. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Sturnellinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sturnella lilianae..................... Chihuahuan Meadowlark. Sturnella magna........................ Eastern Meadowlark. Sturnella neglecta..................... Western Meadowlark. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (4) Subfamily Icterinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Icterus portoricensis.................. Puerto Rican Oriole. Icterus wagleri........................ Black-vented Oriole. Icterus spurius........................ Orchard Oriole. Icterus cucullatus..................... Hooded Oriole. Icterus pustulatus..................... Streak-backed Oriole. Icterus bullockii...................... Bullock's Oriole. Icterus gularis........................ Altamira Oriole. Icterus graduacauda.................... Audubon's Oriole. Icterus galbula........................ Baltimore Oriole. Icterus abeillei....................... Black-backed Oriole. Icterus parisorum...................... Scott's Oriole. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (5) Subfamily Agelaiinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Agelaius phoeniceus.................... Red-winged Blackbird. Agelaius tricolor...................... Tricolored Blackbird. Agelaius humeralis..................... Tawny-shouldered Blackbird. Agelaius xanthomus..................... Yellow-shouldered Blackbird. Molothrus bonariensis.................. Shiny Cowbird. Molothrus aeneus....................... Bronzed Cowbird. [[Page 62455]] Molothrus ater......................... Brown-headed Cowbird. Euphagus carolinus..................... Rusty Blackbird. Euphagus cyanocephalus................. Brewer's Blackbird. Quiscalus quiscula..................... Common Grackle. Quiscalus major........................ Boat-tailed Grackle. Quiscalus mexicanus.................... Great-tailed Grackle. Quiscalus niger........................ Greater Antillean Grackle. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (JJ) Family Parulidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Seiurus aurocapilla.................... Ovenbird. Helmitheros vermivorum................. Worm-eating Warbler. Parkesia motacilla..................... Louisiana Waterthrush. Parkesia noveboracensis................ Northern Waterthrush. Vermivora bachmanii.................... Bachman's Warbler. Vermivora chrysoptera.................. Golden-winged Warbler. Vermivora cyanoptera................... Blue-winged Warbler. Mniotilta varia........................ Black-and-white Warbler. Protonotaria citrea.................... Prothonotary Warbler. Limnothlypis swainsonii................ Swainson's Warbler. Oreothlypis superciliosa............... Crescent-chested Warbler. Leiothlypis peregrina.................. Tennessee Warbler. Leiothlypis celata..................... Orange-crowned Warbler. Leiothlypis crissalis.................. Colima Warbler. Leiothlypis luciae..................... Lucy's Warbler. Leiothlypis ruficapilla................ Nashville Warbler. Leiothlypis virginiae.................. Virginia's Warbler. Oporornis agilis....................... Connecticut Warbler. Geothlypis poliocephala................ Gray-crowned Yellowthroat. Geothlypis tolmiei..................... MacGillivray's Warbler. Geothlypis philadelphia................ Mourning Warbler. Geothlypis formosa..................... Kentucky Warbler. Geothlypis trichas..................... Common Yellowthroat. Setophaga angelae...................... Elfin-woods Warbler. Setophaga citrina...................... Hooded Warbler. Setophaga ruticilla.................... American Redstart. Setophaga kirtlandii................... Kirtland's Warbler. Setophaga tigrina...................... Cape May Warbler. Setophaga cerulea...................... Cerulean Warbler. Setophaga americana.................... Northern Parula. Setophaga pitiayumi.................... Tropical Parula. Setophaga magnolia..................... Magnolia Warbler. Setophaga castanea..................... Bay-breasted Warbler. Setophaga fusca........................ Blackburnian Warbler. Setophaga aestiva...................... Yellow Warbler. Setophaga petechia..................... Mangrove Warbler. Setophaga pensylvanica................. Chestnut-sided Warbler. Setophaga striata...................... Blackpoll Warbler. Setophaga caerulescens................. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Setophaga palmarum..................... Palm Warbler. Setophaga pinus........................ Pine Warbler. Setophaga coronata..................... Yellow-rumped Warbler. Setophaga dominica..................... Yellow-throated Warbler. Setophaga discolor..................... Prairie Warbler. Setophaga adelaidae.................... Adelaide's Warbler. Setophaga graciae...................... Grace's Warbler. Setophaga nigrescens................... Black-throated Gray Warbler. Setophaga townsendi.................... Townsend's Warbler. Setophaga occidentalis................. Hermit Warbler. Setophaga chrysoparia.................. Golden-cheeked Warbler. Setophaga virens....................... Black-throated Green Warbler. Euthlypis lachrymosa................... Fan-tailed Warbler. Basileuterus rufifrons................. Rufous-capped Warbler. Basileuterus culicivorus............... Golden-crowned Warbler. Cardellina canadensis.................. Canada Warbler. Cardellina pusilla..................... Wilson's Warbler. Cardellina rubrifrons.................. Red-faced Warbler. Myioborus pictus....................... Painted Whitestart. Myioborus miniatus..................... Slate-throated Whitestart. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [[Page 62456]] (KK) Family Cardinalidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Piranga flava.......................... Hepatic Tanager. Piranga rubra.......................... Summer Tanager. Piranga olivacea....................... Scarlet Tanager. Piranga ludoviciana.................... Western Tanager. Piranga bidentata...................... Flame-colored Tanager. Periporphyrus celaeno.................. Crimson-collared Grosbeak. Cardinalis cardinalis.................. Northern Cardinal. Cardinalis sinuatus.................... Pyrrhuloxia. Pheucticus chrysopeplus................ Yellow Grosbeak. Pheucticus ludovicianus................ Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Pheucticus melanocephalus.............. Black-headed Grosbeak. Cyanocompsa parellina.................. Blue Bunting. Passerina caerulea..................... Blue Grosbeak. Passerina amoena....................... Lazuli Bunting. Passerina cyanea....................... Indigo Bunting. Passerina versicolor................... Varied Bunting. Passerina ciris........................ Painted Bunting. Spiza americana........................ Dickcissel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (LL) Family Thraupidae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Subfamily Tachyphoninae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Volatinia jacarina..................... Blue-black Grassquit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Subfamily Dacninae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cyanerpes cyaneus...................... Red-legged Honeycreeper. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Subfamily Coerebinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Coereba flaveola....................... Bananaquit. Tiaris olivaceus....................... Yellow-faced Grassquit. Melopyrrha portoricensis............... Puerto Rican Bullfinch. Melanospiza bicolor.................... Black-faced Grassquit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (4) Subfamily Sporophilinae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sporophila morelleti................... Morelet's Seedeater. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PART 21--MIGRATORY BIRD PERMITS 0

4. Amend Sec. 21.82 by:

0 a. In paragraph (c)(2)(iv)(2) removing the words ``goshawks (Accipiter gentilis)'' and adding in its place the words ``American goshawks (Astur atricapillus)''. 0 b. In paragraph (c)(6)(i) removing the word ``goshawk'' and adding in its place the words ``American goshawk''. 0 c. In paragraph (c)(6)(v) removing two occurrences of the word ``goshawk'' and adding in its place the words ``American goshawk''. 0

5. Amend Sec. 21.177 by:

0 a. In the heading of paragraph (a) removing the words ``cattle egrets and barn owls'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle- egrets and American barn owls''. 0 b. In paragraph (a) removing the words ``cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) or barn owls (Tyto alba)'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle-egrets (Ardea ibis) or American barn owls (Tyto furcata)''. 0 c. In paragraph (c)(1) removing the words ``cattle egrets and barn owls'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle-egrets and American barn owls''. 0 d. In paragraph (c)(2) removing the words ``cattle egrets or barn owls'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle-egrets or American barn owls''. 0 e. In paragraph (c)(4) removing the words ``cattle egrets or barn owls'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle-egrets or American barn owls''. 0 f. In paragraph (e) removing the words ``cattle egrets and barn owls'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle-egrets and American barn owls''. 0 g. In the heading of paragraph (f) removing the words ``cattle egrets or barn owls'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle- egrets or American barn owls''. 0 h. In two instances of paragraph (f) removing the words ``cattle egrets or barn owls'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle- egrets or American barn owls''. 0 i. In the heading of paragraph (g) removing the words ``cattle egret or barn owl'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle-egret or American barn owl''. 0 j. In paragraph (g) removing the words ``cattle egret or a barn owl'' and adding in its place the words ``western cattle-egret or an American barn owl''. 0 k. In paragraph (h) removing the words ``cattle egrets or barn owls'' and [[Page 62457]] adding in its place the words ``western cattle-egrets or American barn owls''. Kevin Lilly, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. [FR Doc. 2026-20123 Filed 9-30-26; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4333-15-P

What this changes

Amends 2 parts of the Code of Federal Regulations — the standing rules this notice rewrites.

Rulemaking docket

FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133 RIN 1018-BI13 9 comments

Proposed Rule October 01, 2026
Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule Literature Cited
Proposed Rule October 01, 2026
Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule 100-Word Summary
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule 100-Word Summary
Proposed Rule October 01, 2026
Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule Literature Cited
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule 100-Word Summary
Proposed Rule October 01, 2026
Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule Literature Cited
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule 100-Word Summary
Proposed Rule October 01, 2026
Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule Literature Cited
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule 100-Word Summary
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule Literature Cited
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule Literature Cited
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule 100-Word Summary
Proposed Rule October 01, 2026
Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule Literature Cited
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule 100-Word Summary
Proposed Rule October 01, 2026
Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Proposed Rule October 01, 2026
Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule Literature Cited
Supporting & Related Material October 01, 2026
Proposed Rule 100-Word Summary

Public comments

comments filed

in the last 30 days

What people are saying

Matthew Bobrow 2026-10-23

“Re: Docket FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133 — Proposed rule "General Provisions; Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act" (RIN 1018-BL15) I write in support of the proposed update to the List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and to urge the Service to finalize the additions and to document clearly that none of the proposed removals reduces actual protection for any bird. An accurate, current list is the foundation the MBTA rests on. The Act is one of the nation's oldest and most effective conservation laws, and its protections only work when the regulatory li...”

1,695 more characters
Kyna Mallery 2026-10-19

“The pinyon jay should be listed as threatened or endangered. It has purposely been left off the list due to Utah's blatant attempts to destroy habitat and steal control of federal lands that are the epicenter of pinyon jay habitat. Current unscientific federal land management in Utah is increasing the pace of destruction of pinyon juniper habitat in the Manti-LaSal National Forest.”
Taylor Ventittelli 2026-10-15

“See attached file.”
James Poole CEO of Obelisk Tech Systems Inc on October 12 2026 875 Helicopter RD Thomasville, GA 2026-10-14

“COMMENTS ON THE REVISED LIST OF BIRDS PROTECTED BY THE MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT — STATUTORY AUTHORITY, LAWFUL TRADE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, APA REVIEW, AND FORMAL REQUEST FOR FOOTNOTE ATTRIBUTION Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133 RIN 1018-BI13 91 Fed. Reg. 62411 (October 1, 2026) Submitted by Obelisk Tech Systems Inc. James Hunter Poole, Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Obelisk Tech Systems Inc. respectfully submits these comments concerning the proposed amendments to 50 CFR Parts 10 and 21. The Commenter requests that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conduct a complete statutory, s...”

4,117 more characters
David Walker 2026-10-13

“See attached file(s)”

Read all comments on Regulations.gov →

Comment volume from Regulations.gov; the comment-submission API was retired in 2025, so comments are filed on Regulations.gov directly.

Documents

Full text (Federal Register) · October 01, 2026

Document details

Agency: Interior Department
Jurisdiction: United States
Document type: Proposed Rule
Posted: October 01, 2026
Comment start: October 01, 2026
Comment deadline: November 30, 2026 32 days left
Docket: FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133
FR document: 2026-20123