United States 119th Congress Status: In Committee Bipartisan · 7 R · 1 D cosponsors

S 2278 — Graham Hoffman Act

Last action — Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

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  1. ✓
    Introduced
  2. 2
    In Committee
  3. 3
    Passed Senate
  4. 4
    Passed House
  5. 5
    To Executive
  6. 6
    Enacted

This bill is in committee in the Senate. Introduced July 15, 2025. It must pass committee before a floor vote.

Next likely step: a committee vote, then a floor vote in the Senate.

Prognosis

Advancing 42% · moderate confidence

Where this bill stands today.

Odds of enactment

Low

How often bills like it became law.

  • In Committee

    Current position in the legislative process.

  • 8 sponsors

    1 primary, 7 co-sponsors signed on.

  • Bipartisan support

    Sponsored across 2 parties (7 R · 1 D) — cross-party backing.

Prognosis reads this bill's own signals — stage, sponsorship breadth, committee status, recorded votes and cross-state momentum. Odds come from a model trained on which bills have become law.

Bill Text

How this bill changes current law

2 changes Share ↗

Compared against current U.S. Code AI-generated reading aid — verify against the official bill.

The bill introduces a new section to Title 18 of the U.S. Code that establishes federal penalties for crimes targeting first responders.

  • 18 U.S.C. § 121

    Sec. 121. Crimes targeting first responders (a) In General.--Whoever, in any circumstance described in subsection (b), knowingly assaults a first responder engaged in official duties causing serious bodily injury, or attempts to do so-- (1) shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years, fined in accordance with this title, or both; and (2) shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, fined in accordance with this title, or both, if-- (A) death results from the offense; or (B) the offense includes kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, or an attempt to kill. (b) Circumstances Described.--For purposes of subsection (a), the circumstances described in this subsection are that-- (1) the conduct described in subsection (a) occurs during the course of, or as the result of, the travel of the defendant or the victim-- (A) across a State line or national border; or (B) using a channel, facility, or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce; (2) the defendant uses a channel, facility, or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce in connection with the conduct described in subsection (a); (3) in connection with the conduct described in subsection (a), the defendant employs a firearm, dangerous weapon, explosive or incendiary device, or other weapon that has traveled in interstate or foreign commerce; (4) the conduct described in subsection (a)-- (A) interferes with commercial or other economic activity in which the victim is engaged at the time of the conduct; or (B) otherwise affects interstate or foreign commerce; or (5) the victim is a Federal first responder. (c) Certification Requirement.-- (1) In general.--No prosecution of any offense described in this section may be undertaken by the United States, except under the certification in writing of the Attorney General, or a designee, that-- (A) the State does not have jurisdiction; (B) the State has requested that the Federal Government assume jurisdiction; (C) the verdict or sentence obtained pursuant to State charges left demonstratively unvindicated the Federal interest in protecting the public safety; or (D) a prosecution by the United States is in the public interest and necessary to secure substantial justice. (2) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit the authority of Federal officers, or a Federal grand jury, to investigate possible violations of this section. (d) Definitions.--In this section: (1) First responder.--The term `first responder' means-- (A) a firefighter, a law enforcement officer, or a member of a rescue squad or ambulance crew, as those terms are defined in section 1204 of title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (34 U.S.C. 10284); or (B) an officially recognized or designated employee or volunteer member of a paramedic ALS intercept service that meet the requirements under section 410.40(d) of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations (or any successor regulation). (2) State.--The term `State' means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, or any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.

    This provision establishes federal penalties for assaulting first responders while enhancing the definitions of such responders.

  • 18 U.S.C. § 121 (Clerical Amendment)

    121. Crimes targeting first responders.

    This amendment updates the table of sections for chapter 7 of title 18 to include the new crime targeting first responders.

Action History

  1. Introduced in Senate

  2. Read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

Sponsors

Sponsorship breakdown

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1 sponsors · 7 co-sponsors · 539 not signed on

Sponsors (1)

Co-sponsors (7)

Not signed on (539)

539 members have not signed on to this bill.

Show all 539 →

"Not signed on" means a member has not sponsored or co-sponsored this bill — it does not imply opposition. Members flagged Voted No have a recorded No vote on this bill.

Whip count is in markup. Polling the chamber and every recorded vote this session. Only the first open is slow. It’s instant for you after this. Calling the roll · Tallying · Engrossing

Subjects

public-safety
Cross-referencing the record. Reading this bill against every other bill in the corpus by meaning, not keywords. Only the first open is slow. It’s instant for you after this. Matching · Ranking · Engrossing

Frequently asked questions

Who sponsors S 2278?
S 2278 is sponsored by Hawley, Josh (Republican), Hassan, Margaret Wood (Democratic), Moody, Ashley (Republican), Risch, James E. (Republican), Crapo, Mike (Republican), Cruz, Ted (Republican), Hagerty, Bill (Republican), and Schmitt, Eric (Republican).
What is the current status of S 2278?
This bill is in committee in the Senate. Introduced July 15, 2025. It must pass committee before a floor vote.
Where can I track S 2278?
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