United States 119th Congress Status: In Committee 3 D cosponsors

S 994 — PROTECT Students Act of 2025

Last action — Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. (text: CR S1706-1715)

  1. ✓
    Introduced
  2. 2
    In Committee
  3. 3
    Passed Senate
  4. 4
    Passed House
  5. 5
    To Executive
  6. 6
    Enacted

This bill is in committee in the Senate. Introduced March 12, 2025. It must pass committee before a floor vote.

Next likely step: a committee vote, then a floor vote in the Senate.

Odds of enactment

Low chance

Based on the sponsor, cosponsors, and committee posture, this bill has a low chance of becoming law.

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A statistical estimate from our own model of past outcomes — an insight, not a guarantee. Policymaking is volatile.

Prognosis

Stalled 20% · moderate confidence

  • In Committee

    Current position in the legislative process.

  • 3 sponsors

    1 primary, 2 co-sponsors signed on.

  • Single-party support

    Sponsorship is currently within one party (3 D).

Based on stage, sponsorship breadth, committee status, recorded votes, and cross-state momentum — a description of the observable signals, not a prediction.

In plain language

The bill aims to protect students from financial predatory practices in higher education.

This legislation establishes safeguards for students and student loan borrowers, ensuring institutions meet standards for financial value and legal protections. It enforces accountability in higher education with regulations and oversight mechanisms.

What this means for you
  • Families: Families can feel more secure knowing there are mechanisms in place to protect student borrowers from predatory practices.
  • Students: This bill provides protections and accountability measures, helping ensure a fair higher education experience.

Summary

Preventing Risky Operations from Threatening the Education and Career Trajectories of Students Act of 2025 or the PROTECT Students Act of 2025This bill sets forth provisions to address financial predatory practices in higher education, including by establishing additional protections for students and student loan borrowers.Specifically, the bill provides statutory authority for Department of Education (ED) regulations related to gainful employment, borrower defense to repayment, and closed school discharges. For example, ED's 2023 gainful employment regulations specify that ED considers a career education program to be preparing students for gainful employment if it meets specified debt-to-earnings or earnings premium measures.Additionally, the bill prohibits institutions of higher education (IHEs) that participate in federal student aid programs from taking specified actions, such as (1) restricting students' ability to pursue claims against IHEs in court, and (2) withholding official transcripts because of a balance owed by the student.The bill requires IHEs to spend at least 30% of their tuition and fee revenue on instruction.The bill also includes additional oversight measures, such asproviding statutory authority for an enforcement unit within ED's Office of Federal Student Aid to assess complaints against IHEs, third-party servicers, and student loan servicers; establishing the For-Profit Education Oversight Coordination Committee within the executive branch; andrequiring ED to establish and operate a system that tracks complaints or reports of suspicious activity by IHEs, third-party servicers, and student loan servicers.The bill makes funding available to ED for the administrative costs of operating student aid programs.

Bill Text

Action History

  1. Introduced in Senate

  2. Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. (text: CR S1706-1715)

Sponsors

Sponsorship breakdown

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1 sponsors · 2 co-sponsors · 544 not signed on

Sponsors (1)

Co-sponsors (2)

Not signed on (544)

544 members have not signed on to this bill.

Show all 544 →

"Not signed on" means a member has not sponsored or co-sponsored this bill — it does not imply opposition. Members flagged Voted No have a recorded No vote on this bill.

Whip count is in markup. Polling the chamber and every recorded vote this session. Only the first open is slow. It’s instant for you after this. Calling the roll · Tallying · Engrossing

Subjects

finance education
Cross-referencing the record. Reading this bill against every other bill in the corpus by meaning, not keywords. Only the first open is slow. It’s instant for you after this. Matching · Ranking · Engrossing

Frequently asked questions

What does S 994 do?
Preventing Risky Operations from Threatening the Education and Career Trajectories of Students Act of 2025 or the PROTECT Students Act of 2025This bill sets forth provisions to address financial predatory practices in higher education, including by establishing additional protections for students and student loan borrowers.Specifically, the bill provides statutory authority for Department of Education (ED) regulations related to gainful employment, borrower defense to repayment, and closed school discharges. For example, ED's 2023 gainful employment regulations specify that ED considers a career education program to be preparing students for gainful employment if it meets specified debt-to-earnings or earnings premium measures.Additionally, the bill prohibits institutions of higher education (IHEs) that participate in federal student aid programs from taking specified actions, such as (1) restricting students' ability to pursue claims against IHEs in court, and (2) withholding official transcripts because of a balance owed by the student.The bill requires IHEs to spend at least 30% of their tuition and fee revenue on instruction.The bill also includes additional oversight measures, such asproviding statutory authority for an enforcement unit within ED's Office of Federal Student Aid to assess complaints against IHEs, third-party servicers, and student loan servicers; establishing the For-Profit Education Oversight Coordination Committee within the executive branch; andrequiring ED to establish and operate a system that tracks complaints or reports of suspicious activity by IHEs, third-party servicers, and student loan servicers.The bill makes funding available to ED for the administrative costs of operating student aid programs.
Who sponsors S 994?
S 994 is sponsored by Durbin, Richard J. (Democratic), Warren, Elizabeth (Democratic), and Merkley, Jeff (Democratic).
What is the current status of S 994?
This bill is in committee in the Senate. Introduced March 12, 2025. It must pass committee before a floor vote.
Where can I track S 994?
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